واکاوی شرایط اقلیم گردشگری استان آذربایجان غربی با استفاده از شاخص های زیست اقلیمی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین شرایط زیست اقلیمی استان آذربایجان غربی و نیز با تأکید بر آسایش حرارتی انجام شده است. به این منظور، ابتدا داده های متغیرهای جوّی از اداره هواشناسی استان آذربایجان دریافت و سپس برای هر کدام از ایستگاه ها از آمار روزانه متغیرهای جوّی دمای هوا، رطوبت نسبی، سرعت باد، ابرناکی، تابش کلی خورشید، فشار بخار آب و زاویه تابش خورشید استفاده شد. همچنین، از طول و عرض جغرافیایی و ارتفاع از سطح دریا ایستگاه های مطالعه شده در برآوردهای شاخص ها استفاده و سپس از دو شاخص UTCI و PMV برای برآورد شرایط زیست اقلیمی ایستگاه ها استفاده شد. محاسبه های مربوط به شاخص های یاد شده در نرم افزارهای Rayman و Bioklima انجام و سپس نقشه های ماهانه با به کارگیری روش درون یابی IDW در نرم افزار Arcgis pro ترسیم شد. نتایج نشان داد که در زمستان شرایط زیست اقلیمی استان در وضعیت بسیار سرد، سرد و خنک قرار دارد. با ورود به فصل بهار شرایط آسایش دمایی، بیشتر شهرستان های استان را در بر می گیرد و تا اواخر بهار ادامه می یابد. هرچند در سه ماهه تابستان شرایط آسایش دمایی مشاهده می شود، بیشتر استان در این زمان شرایط گرم و بسیار گرم را دارد. در اوایل فصل پاییز نیز موجی از شرایط آسایش کل استان را فراگرفته است؛ به طوری که تا ماه نوامبر نیز ادامه دارد و درادامه، با نزدیک شدن به روزهای آخر سال میلادی شرایط خنک، سرد و بسیار سرد بر استان حاکم می شود. طبق شاخص PMV ماه های آپریل، می و اکتبر و براساس شاخص UTCI ماه های آپریل، می، ژوئن بیشترین وضعیت آسایش اقلیمی را دارد.Analyzing the Climatic Conditions of Tourism in West Azerbaijan Province Using Bioclimatic Indicators
This study aimed to assess the tourism climate in West Azerbaijan Province. The data on key climatic parameters were obtained from the Meteorological Department of West Azerbaijan Province, spanning from establishment of the stations to 2021. Daily statistics for air temperature (in Celsius), relative humidity (as a percentage), wind speed (in meters per second), and cloudiness (measured in octals) were collected for each station. Additionally, total solar radiation, water vapor pressure, and solar radiation angle were calculated, while longitude, latitude, and sea level altitude were factored into the estimation of indicators. Subsequently, UTCI and PMV indices were computed using Rayman, Bioklima, and Excel software. Monthly maps were generated using the IDW interpolation method in ArcGIS Pro software. The findings revealed that the bioclimatic conditions in the province were very cold, cold, and cool in the first quarter of the year. As spring arrived, comfortable thermal conditions prevailed in most cities and persisted until late. While thermal comfort was observed during the summer months, the prevailing conditions in the province became hot and very hot. At the onset of autumn, a wave of comfortable conditions covered the entire province and continued until November, giving way to cool, cold, and very cold conditions as the year drew to a close. According to the PMV index, the months of April, May, and October, and based on the UTCI index, the months of April, May, and June exhibited the highest climate comfort.Keywords: Climatic Comfort, Tourism, Predicted Mean Vote, Subjective Temperature Index, Universal Thermal Climate Index, West Azerbaijan Province.IntroductionThe impact of climate on various human activities is readily apparent. Tourism as a prominent example is heavily influenced by climatic conditions. The success of many renowned tourist destinations worldwide can be attributed to favorable weather and thermal comfort. Conversely, unfavorable weather diminishes the appeal and allure of a tourist area, exerting detrimental effects on tourism. Consequently, weather stands out as one of the most pivotal factors in tourism. Indeed, possessing favorable climatic conditions is considered a potential advantage for tourism with many tourists and travelers selecting their destinations and timing based on weather considerations (Gomez, 2005). In recent decades, tourism has emerged as a cornerstone of economic activity with countries continually fostering its development and recognizing its substantial role in national economic growth (Scott et al., 2011). Materials and MethodsIn this study, bio-climatic indicators, namely PMV and UTCI, were employed to assess bio-climatic conditions relevant to tourism. Climatic data from 16 stations across West Azerbaijan Province were utilized for this purpose. A data repository was established and specific processing for each index was conducted using Rayman, Bioklima, and Excel software. Monthly maps were generated using the IDW interpolation method in ArcGIS software. The time periods for weather station data used in calculating bio-climatic indicators are detailed in Table 1. Given the unequal time periods for the data from different cities, the frequency of occurrence of bio-climatic conditions was calculated to facilitate comparison and analysis. Research FindingsIn April, the northeastern and southern parts of the province exhibited comfortable conditions, while the western and central cities experienced slightly cool conditions with only Chaldoran being cool. Moving into May, the majority of the province experienced slightly warm conditions with the cities of Selmas, Sardasht, and Takab enjoying comfortable conditions. Additionally, hot conditions were observed in some parts of Peldasht and Khoi cities with only a small part of Chaldoran City experiencing slightly cool conditions. By June, most parts of the province were characterized by hot conditions with cities, such as Chaldoran, parts of Selmas, and Takab, experiencing slightly hot conditions. A comfortable situation was observed in a very small part of Chaldoran City during this month, while a part of Peldasht and Khoi cities were in a very hot state (see Figure 4).In July, the majority of the southern and northern parts of the province experienced very hot conditions, with cities, such as Mako, the central part of Chaldoran, Selmas, the southern part of Sardasht, and Takab, also being in a very hot state. The central part of Chaldoran City exhibitd slightly warm conditions, while a small part of Peldasht City experienced hot conditions. Moving into August, most of the southern and northeastern counties of the province were in a very hot condition with Mako, part of Chaldoran, Selmas, Urmia, Sardasht, and Takab counties having hot conditions. Only Chaldaran County had slightly warm conditions. September saw the northeast and south of the province in a warm state with parts of Mako, Chaldoran, Selmas, northern parts of Urmia, Ashnoye, Sardasht, and Takab experiencing slightly warm conditions. The central part of Chaldoran was in a comfortable state and a small part of North Peldasht also had very hot conditions (see Figure 5).In November, slightly cool conditions prevailed in most parts of the province with cities, such as Chaldoran, Selmas, and a part of Sardasht experiencing cool conditions. Parts of the cities of Poldasht and Khoi were covered by comfortable conditions. October saw most of the cities of the province in a comfortable state with parts of Poldasht, Khoi, Miandoab, Mahabad, and Piranshahr experiencing slightly warm conditions and only Chaldoran having slightly cool conditions. Finally, in December, most parts of the province were in cool conditions with the cities of Chaldoran, Selmas, and parts of Bukan and Chaypare experiencing cold conditions (see Figure 6).In January, based on the UTCI index, most of the cities in the province experienced moderately cold conditions with small parts of Poldasht, Khoi, Urmia, Miandoab, and Naqdeh being in slightly cold conditions. The results of the UTCI index indicated that most parts of Chaldoran, Selmas, and Sardasht cities, as well as a part of Ashnoye City, were in a moderately cold state, while other parts of the province were in a partially cold state. Moving into March, according to the UTCI index, all the cities were in a slightly cold state with only a small part of Chaldoran City experiencing moderately cold conditions (see Figure 7).In April, most southern and northeastern cities exhibited comfortable conditions with cities, such as Chaldoran, Selmas, Ashnoye, Sardasht, and Takab being in a slightly cold state. A small part of Chaldoran City experienced average cold conditions. May saw comfortable climatic conditions prevailing in all parts of the province, except for a part of Chaldoran City, which was in a slightly cold state. By June, all the cities of the province enjoyed comfortable conditions with only the northern part of Peldasht City experiencing moderately hot conditions (see Figure 8).In July, the southern and northeastern parts of the province experienced moderately warm conditions, while the northern, western, and central parts, along with the cities of Sardasht and Takab, enjoyed comfortable conditions. Moving into August, the cities in the south and northeast of the province had moderately warm conditions, while the northern and central parts of the two cities of Takab and Sardasht were in a comfortable state. By September, the entire province experienced comfortable climatic conditions (see Figure 9).In October, all the cities of the province were in comfortable conditions with only a small part of Chaldoran City experiencing slightly cold conditions. November saw the southern and northeastern cities of the province in a comfortable state, while the northern and central parts, along with the cities of Sardasht and Takab, also had slightly cold conditions. Finally, in December, most of the cities in the province had partially cold conditions with parts of Chaldoran and Salmas cities also experiencing moderate cold conditions (see Figure 10). Discussion of Results and ConclusionBased on the calculations derived from the PMV index for April, May, and October, as well as the UTCI index for April, May, and June, these months were identified as exhibiting the most favorable climate comfort conditions in West Azerbaijan Province. The findings of this research hold potential applications in the realms of tourism, medicine, architecture, and sports activities. Future research endeavors can involve the utilization of hourly data and a broader array of indicators, thereby enabling a more comprehensive comparative analysis to enhance result accuracy. It is worth noting that limited research has been conducted on the understanding and estimation of the bioclimatic conditions of West Azerbaijan Province. Overall, the outcomes of this study aligned with the research conducted by Ashari et al. (2016). However, when compared with the findings of Bakhtaki(2011) and Ansari-Kalanji (2011), discrepancies were evident. These disparities could be attributed to the utilization of different time frames for data collection and variations in the indicators employed. It is evident that the use of new and up-to-date data has likely contributed to the alignment of our results with those of Ashari et al. (2016), as climate variables and data are subject to change over time.
تبلیغات
