ذات یا «بود» عالم از دیدگاه شوپنهاور و کارکرد معرفتی هنر در آن با تأملی در فلسفه افلاطون (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
شوپنهاور این عالم را پدیداری می داند که تجلی شئ فی نفسه است و شئ فی نفسه یا به عبارتی «بود» عالم، چیزی نیست جز اراده که باطن جهان و نه چیزی برتر از جهان است. جهان فلسفی او از سه مرتبه ی اراده، ایده و پدیدارها تشکیل شده است. اراده بنیاد و اساس فلسفه شوپنهاور را شکل می دهد که هستی ظهور آن است. شوپنهاور ایده را ناب ترین تصویرِ شیء فی نفسه یا اراده می داند؛ به عبارت دیگر مستقیم ترین تعین اراده جهان نمونه های عالم معقولات است که در فلسفه افلاطون مثل خوانده می شود و مخلوقات سایه و نسخه ای از آن اصل هستند. از نگاه شوپنهاور مثال افلاطونی واسطه میان اراده به عنوان شئ فی نفسه و پدیدار است. البته مثال افلاطونی معقول است؛ حال آنکه عقل به اراده شوپنهاور راهی ندارد، بلکه هنر می تواند شئ فی نفسه و اراده را به خوبی درک کند. در این مقاله به روش توصیفی – تحلیلی سعی شده است بعد از تبیین عالم پدیدار و شئ فی نفسه از دیدگاه شوپنهاور، به اهمیت و جایگاه هنر، مراتب هنر و کارکرد معرفتی آن در اندیشه شوپنهاور با تأملی در فلسفه افلاطون و دیدگاه او پیرامون رابطه هنر با درک حقیقت عالم پرداخته شود.The essence or "Being" of the World: A Reflection on Schopenhauer's Perspective and the Epistemic Function of Art in it with a Contemplation on Plato's Philosophy
IntroductionIn various philosophical perspectives, the concept of the essence and being of the universe is one of the issues that has always led to discussions and reflections among renowned philosophers such as Plato and Arthur Schopenhauer. Plato, focusing on the concept of ideas and the world of thought, and Schopenhauer, emphasizing the will and the concept of the "thing in itself," have created various views on truth and existence, each influenced by different philosophical and historical backgrounds. This article seeks to provide a deeper insight into the concept of the essence or "being" of the universe and the epistemological function of art within it through the study and analysis of the perspectives of Plato and Schopenhauer. By examining these concepts, the role and importance of art as a means of understanding and cognizing the universe are explored. On one hand, a look into Plato's philosophy and the concept of ideas and forms is presented to understand how art relates to truth and being, and on the other hand, Schopenhauer's perspective on will and the "thing in itself" and the role of art in understanding and visualizing these concepts are examined. Given that each of these perspectives is rooted in rich and sometimes complex philosophical thoughts, the writing of this article is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the concepts and a review of various sources related to these topics. It is hoped that these analyses can present the perspectives of Plato and Schopenhauer in the context of art and knowledge to the readers in the best possible way, aiding in a clearer understanding and enlightenment of our perception of the world and art. Literature ReviewIn the articles "Aesthetics and Art in Plato's Philosophy" by Abolhasan Ghaffari (2015) and "The Role of Art in Schopenhauer's Thought" by Mohammad Javad Safaian and Amini (2009), Plato's view on art and its levels, as well as Schopenhauer's view on the role of art in alleviating pain and suffering, have been explained. However, the comparison between these two thoughts, especially the epistemic function of art in understanding the essence of the world or the thing-in-itself, is a new approach addressed in this article. Methodology This article attempts a descriptive-analytical approach. After explaining the phenomenal world and the essence from Schopenhauer's perspective, the importance and position of art, the levels of art, and its epistemic function in Schopenhauer's thought are discussed by contemplating Plato's philosophy and his view on the relationship between art and understanding the truth of the world.. ConclusionSchopenhauer, like Plato, regards this world as a manifestation wherein the essence is manifested; because behind the sensible, there is an inner and mysterious truth, the visible world is entirely subsidiary and dependent on it, and there is no intrinsic difference between this visible world and the essence for Schopenhauer, just as for Plato, there is no intrinsic difference between the natural world and the world of forms. Considering the degrees of existence and corresponding degrees and levels of knowledge, this world is a shadow of that world, and knowledge of this world is a degree of levels of cognition, and during the example, it is considered as the highest example. The essence or the being of the world for Schopenhauer is the will, but the will is not the same as the Platonic example because from Schopenhauer's perspective, the Platonic example, which is rational, is an intermediary between will as the essence and the visible. Whereas, Schopenhauer's will be not accessible to reason. This is where the role and position of art in Schopenhauer's philosophy become clear; because Schopenhauer, like Plato, believes in the epistemic function of art; because art for Schopenhauer is not the expression of emotions and feelings; rather, art is a particular understanding of reality. Art is directly and immediately, not with general and abstract concepts, seeks to reach the essence and being of the world, and with art as the power of inner thought, knowledge of the essence and will, namely, the inner and true reality of the world, is attainable. Therefore, Schopenhauer considers true art as the observation of the general and will. Furthermore, art can create a kind of deep thought in humans to free the mind from the captivity of desires and, as a result, transcend suffering and hardships in the superior world. Plato, considering the relationship between epistemology and ontology in art, like Schopenhauer, seeks to give authenticity to art. Plato, by raising the criterion of knowledge for the artist in creating an artistic work, shows that the arts, as it were, in different directions, are reflective of knowledge of truth and untruth. Therefore, for Plato, knowledge is the most important component in imitation; if imitation is based on ignorance and lack of knowledge, it has a reprehensible meaning, and imitation based on knowledge is desirable and preferred. Plato in the Republic considers imitation as a formative authority that can be multi-layered; that is, it can be close to the truth or far from it, and while being imitative, believes that to imitate well, one must know the truth. The closer an art is to the truth, the more valuable it is; therefore, any art indifferent to the truth is considered worthless.
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