بررسی و تحلیل شاخص های حکمروایی شهری در کلان شهر تهران با استفاده از روش دیمتل فازی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
شهر یک منبع توسعه است و مدیریت شهری در روند توسعه شهری نقشی بسیار مهم و تعیین کننده دارد. یکی از موفق ترین الگوها در زمینه مدیریت شهری، الگوی حکمروایی شهری است. این الگو یک سیستم مدیریت به شکل مشارکتی است که در آن، سه نهاد جامعه مدنی، بخش خصوصی و دولت در تمامی تصمیم گیری های مرتبط مشارکت می کنند. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر نحوه گردآوری داده ها، توصیفی است. در این پژوهش، از روش دیمتل فازی، و برای گردآوری داده ها، از نظر خبرگان و نمونه گیری هدفمند و روش گلوله برفی (اشباع نظری) استفاده شد. براساس یافته ها، شاخص مسئولیت پذیری بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری را بر دیگر شاخص ها، و شاخص پاسخگویی بیشترین میزان اثرپذیری را از دیگر شاخص ها دارد. پس از پاسخگویی و مسئولیت پذیری، با فاصله ای بسیار نزدیک، شاخص اثربخشی و کارایی مهم ترین شاخص حکمروایی شهری است. براساس داده های ستون D-R، شاخص حاکمیت قانون از دیگر پیشایندها در سامانه روابط علی و معلولی شاخص های حکمرانی خوب شهری است. درمقابل، سایر عوامل برآیندی اثرگذار دارند که در صدر آنها، شاخص تخصص قرار دارد. حکمروایی شهری می تواند به کیفیت بهتر مکان های شهری و همچنین اعتماد بیشتر شهروندان به نهادهای مدیریت شهری منجر شود. این گونه برداشت می شود که شاخص های پاسخگویی و مسئولیت پذیری ارتباط تنگاتنگی با هم دارند و بنیادی ترین عوامل در سامانه شاخص های حکمروایی خوب محسوب می شوند و ایجاد تغییرات سازنده در آنها به تغییراتی جدی تر و اثرگذارتر در بهبود حکمروایی شهری می انجامد.A Survey and Analysis of Urban Governance Indicators in Tehran Metropolis
The city is considered a source of development, and the position of urban management plays a very important and decisive role in the process of urban development. One of the most successful models in the field of urban management is the model of urban governance, which is actually a management system in a participatory form, which consists of three institutions. Civil society, the private sector, and the government participate in all relevant decision-making. This research is descriptive in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of data collection. To collect data, according to experts, targeted sampling and snowball methods were used. Based on the findings, the accountability index has the highest impact on other indicators and the accountability index has the highest impact on other indicators. After accountability and responsibility and at a very close distance, the factors of effectiveness and efficiency are important for urban governance indicators. Based on the data of the D-R column, the rule of law index is one of the other antecedents in cause and effect relationships. On the other hand, other factors have an effective outcome, among which the specialization index is at the top. In this way, it can be concluded that accountability and responsibility indicators are closely related and are considered the most fundamental factor in the system of good governance indicators, and making constructive changes in it can lead to more serious and effective changes in improving urban governance.Keywords: Urban Governance, Urban Management, Fuzzy Dimtel, Tehran Metropolis Introduction:Sustainable development is a powerful tool for policymakers, city managers, and relevant executive organizations. It has great impacts on different areas, such as improving environmental, economic, social, and technological conditions of citizens’ lives. However, according to the results of some research and researchers’ observations, it can be acknowledged that sustainable urban development in a metropolis like Tehran still faces various challenges. One of the effective ways to overcome these challenges is paying attention to the concept of urban governance. This trend has led governments towards pursuing decentralization policy and transferring part of their powers and responsibilities to local institutions in order to gain their lost legitimacy. Nevertheless, many of them are still in unfavorable social, legal, economic, and political conditions as a result of poor urbanization. The optimal urban governance system is based on 7 principles: transparency, justice, accountability, efficiency, fairness, participation, and ownership. Correct urban management based on correct methods has been always a serious challenge for urban experts and discussed over time. Each city experiences special issues that are specific to that city and its surroundings. Therefore, creating a single pattern is not an acceptable version. In its social, cultural, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions and components, sustainable urban development faces many issues and challenges that require planning and training for increasing public awareness and active participation in solving its problems. Good urban governance is an important principle in urban management, which has unfortunately faced many obstacles in our country.Methodology:This study was an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method, which was based on the causal method. The aim of this research was to identify the indicators of urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran by using fuzzy dimtel method and doing network analysis of cause-and-effect relationships between those indicators. The statistical population included academic experts and professors. Management and experimentation of Tehran metropolis in the field of urban governance were analyzed through non-probability and snowball sampling methods. To collect the research data, the views of a number of the experts were used. In the present study, the sample size was completed by using the purposive sampling method. To this end, a questionnaire was completed by 30 university academic members, managers, and experimenters in the field of urban governance in Tehran metropolis. Then, based on the identified factors, the experts were provided with a closed-ended questionnaire containing the mentioned factors and asked to give their opinions on the effects of those factors in each line, while taking into account the time horizon and expressing each column based on a range of 5 ineffective to very effective options. Discussion:This discussion is consistent with the research results of Mojtabazadeh Khaneghahi et al. (1400), Di Elvira et al. (2013), Hilayi (2015), Virtodos (2016), and Jerd and Sail (2018). Many experts in the metropolitan area believed that the emergence of challenges like political division meant the existence of multiple administrative and governmental domains, such as municipalities, governorates, settlements, etc., due to the expansion of urbanization process without any coordinating frameworks. It was necessary to adopt a unified view that was appropriate to the socio-political and cultural conditions of the day in the society so as to manage this challenge and meet public expectations and demands in this area. However, in the last decade of the 20th century and beginning of the 3rd millennium AD, the decline in the credibility and legitimacy of governments, as well as increasing complex global competitions and citizens’ demands, showed that the new paradigm of governance was incapable of dealing with the crises. This ship could be controlled and led the way home in the turbulent storms only in the light of the paradigm of good governance. The World Bank and the IMF see good governance in promoting transparency, accountability, efficiency, fairness, participation, and ownership. They focus more on transparency, while emphasizing that governments need to have reliable, comprehensive, timely, and understandable access and provide people with comparable information about activities of governments on a global scale. Elsewhere, they discuss the various aspects of good governance in the forms of reconsidering the rule of law, improving efficiency and accountability of the private sector, and combating corruption. They consider them a necessary condition for the country’s lasting prosperity. Conclusion:Based on the data in Column D in Table 6, it was found that the accountability index had the greatest impact on the other indicators of good urban governance. Numerous studies were found to have confirmed the indicators of good urban governance mentioned in this study. When executive plans are more carefully planned, they can create higher levels of the indicators of good urban governance to achieve a fundamental change and development.Similarly, according to the data in Column R in Table 6, it was found that the responsibility index had the highest impact on the other indicators of good urban governance. On the other hand, since the factor of accountability had the highest D+R value according to the results presented in Table 6, it was inferred that the indicators of accountability and responsibility were closely interrelated, making the most fundamental factor in the system of indicators. They were considered to provide good governance and make constructive changes in it, which could lead to more serious and effective changes in urban governance.Also, according to the data of Column D+R in Table 6, the factor of effectiveness and efficiency, which closely appeared after accountability, was an important factor among the indicators of urban governance. For justifying the importance and special place of effectiveness and efficiency in the network of the relationships between the factors affecting good governance, it is enough to say that some studies have introduced it as one of the 3 pillars of the indicators of good urban governance. Based on the data in Column D-R in Table 6, it turned out that the rule of law index was one of the other preconditions in the system of cause-and-effect relations, i.e., indicators of good urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran. In contrast, the other factors affected the outcome with ‘expertise’ at the top. As shown in the Dimtel diagram in Fig. 1, the indicator of ‘rule of law’ is specifically at the highest point among the antecedents. It has been identified as the most influential factor in the network of relations between the indicators of good urban governance in Tehran. Urban governance can lead to better qualities of urban places and more citizens' trust in urban management institutions. It can also align citizens with urban plans and initiatives and facilitate their participations. The degree of legitimacy of the participatory process plays an important role in the development of urban programs and city management. In Tehran metropolis, this case has not been seriously considered by the city managers and thus, it has not been legitimized. Also, in the ladder of participation, citizens usually appear in the position of partial participation, i.e., counseling and informing, and do not reach its higher levels. 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