واکاوی بنیان های ادبی و فلسفی در اپراهای واگنر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف از نگارش این مطالعه جستاری درباره بنیان های ادبی و فلسفی اپراهای واگنر است. اهمیتِ پرداختن به موضوع این مطالعه در این است که اپراهای واگنر شاخص ترین آثار موسیقاییِ وی اند. برای دست یابی به چرایی و چگونگی بهره گیری واگنر از عناصر گوناگون موسیقایی، ناگزیر به مطالعه مواردی هستیم که شالوده های اندیشگی این هنرمند را شکل داده اند. در این مطالعه از الگوهای هم زمانی و درزمانی در زندگی موسیقایی واگنر استفاده شده است. در این الگوها ادبیات و فلسفه از اهم مواردی هستند که به طور خاص در کنار موارد فراوان دیگر، همچون سیاست و مذهب نوعِ نگرش و پایه های جهان بینیِ واگنر را بنیان نهاده اند. همچنین، از این رهگذار است که می توان ابداعات بی بدیل موسیقایی او را نظیر خلق و استفاده از لایت موتیف، خطوط آوازی، هارمونی بدیع، تنوع ارکستراسیون، و حتی اندیشه و ساخت تالار مخصوص برای اجرای اپراهای سترگش را بیشتر درک کرد و دریافت که وی برای رسیدن به آرمان های ذهنی و نمایش دغدغه های فلسفی و زیباشناسانه خویش چگونه به ساختار شکنی در اغلب عناصر موسیقی اپرایی دست زده است. بدون شک، در این راه نقش افراد مهمی همچون شوپنهاور و نیچه در فلسفه، هاینه در ادبیات، و یوهان سباستیان باخ و بتهوون در حوزه موسیقی را نمی توان نادیده انگاشت.An Analysis of Literary and Philosophical Origins in Wagner’s Operas
This article aims to examine the philosophical and the literary origins of Wagner’s operas. The importance of this topic is that Wagner’s operas are his most prominent musical works, so much so that despite his other compositions, the world of music still knows him with the operas and the achievements that ensued from them. It is recognized among musicologists that Wagner’s operas are each viewed as a turning point in the evolution of this musical genre. For example, based on the Norse mythology, the Der Ring des Nibelungen, a fifteen-hour-long musical performance, is considered to be the most dramatic work of musical achievement in history, taking Wagner almost twenty five years to complete. Initially, when dealing with the history of the composer it is somehow possible to acknowledge the roots of Wagner’s interest in dramatic arts. Further to being brought up in a quite artistic environment, he was also a child of an era of political and philosophical transformation, which gives reason to his tumultuous artistic life. Wagner was always influenced by many of these transformations and experienced different and diverse manifestations about life, society, religion, art and so forth. In order to find out why and how Wagner utilized different musical elements, we are bound to study items that have formed the intellectual foundations of this artist. For example, by comparing and contrasting the characters in Wagner’s operas with the ones in the mythological and epic stories of the world, we can discern the profound and extensive impact of mythology, especially the Norse mythology, on his thought and viewpoint. In general, literature and philosophy are among the most important things – such as politics and religion – that specifically shaped his perspective and the foundations of his worldview. Essentially, Wagner appraised all artistic materials in order to achieve his conceptual ideals, since he had found out that music alone cannot help him attain his goal, and that is why, besides using elements of music, literature, and philosophy, in their entirety, he also brings in mythology. Likewise, that is what helps us understand his unique musical inventions, such as creating and using leitmotif, singing lines, original harmony, and even the planning and building of a special theater hall for his superfluous opera productions, and how he undertook deconstruction of most of the operatic musical elements in order to reach his intellectual ideals and to portray his philosophical and aesthetic concerns. Bringing these transformations about may have been the reason why he is generally regarded as the greatest composer of the Romantic era and that of all the history of opera. Undoubtedly, in this regard, the role of significant figures, such as Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche in philosophy, Christian Johann Heinrich Heine in literature, Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven in the realm of music, is undeniable. Using philosophical, literary, and mythological effects, plus modern musical structure, he has tried to portray a new world inspired by old stories, and, in a general sense, a foundation combined from the semantics or logic of mythology in collaboration with synchronic and diachronic perspectives.
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