Concept

The concept of causality is fundamental to our understanding of the world. the idea of causality was made popular, in Western Philosophy, by David Hume; one of the best-know British empiricists. This paper examines critically the Human idea of causality-that of a necessary/physical connection - in juxtaposition to an Africa theory. The thesis that the causal relation, when correctly defined, is as directly observable as many other facts and that the alleged of Humean denial of a causal tie is a myth.

Semantics in time (historical) is one of the lexical semantic methods in the holy texts, which by identifying the components of the word, examines the specific concept throughout history and shows its evolutions, ups and downs. The concept of Satan has changed throughout history and has a long-standing connection with the holy texts. The use of the word "devil" in Pishatohid is related to concepts such as evil, jinn, evil spirits, which are intertwined with the function of evil and filth. In the Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam, Satan was recognized as a creature from the fallen divine position. The lexical application of this concept in the holy texts, with various characteristics of intelligent, experimental, benevolent, concrete and abstract dual status, indicates the interaction of the believers of these texts with heterogeneous civilizations and its metamorphosis. In the meantime, the Qur'an tells a special meaning of the devil with a systematic narrative in a special discourse. This research with a descriptive-analytical method, based on the application of action, expresses the transformation of the concept of Satan in the narration of the Torah, the Bible and the Holy Quran with a historical method (in time).

I argue in the essay that the conceptualist understanding of the mind-world relation ultimately leads to the kind of view that Panayot Butchvarov calls conceptual or linguistic creationism. According to this view, “there is nothing we have not conceptualized”. In addition to being an antithesis of metaphysical realism, which maintains that there is a reality independent of us, the term refers to the kind of thinking that sees human cognitive experience (and reality itself) as thoroughly constituted according to our concepts. While it might be easy to attribute this kind of position to Kant as well, especially when read through a conceptualist lens, I argue that such a position is not in accord with Kant’s philosophical intentions. Using the Deduction and Schematism chapters of the Critique of Pure Reason as examples, I also argue that on the conceptualist understanding of the mind-world relation too much is read into Kant’s idea that sensibility and understanding must be cognitively compatible with one another.

In the Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant said that cognition (objective perception) is acquired in the unity of sensibility (the receptivity of the mind to receive empirical representations of things, which yields intuitions) and the understanding (in which concepts – general representations of things – arise), and is mediated by the imagination. Here, it is shown that numbers, either pure or denominate, are cognized in the synthesis of intuition and mathematical concept, and that the phenomenal world of the cognizer is shaped accordingly. Any number can be related to any other number through a general mathematical formula conceived by the cognizer for the purpose. The judgment of the cognizer is manifest in the specifics of the mathematical relationship established between the two numbers in cognition. If the cognized number is the numerical value of a physical constant then in the (consistent) phenomenal world it will always have been of the value found in cognition, which explains why the universe seems to be fine-tuned for life. If the cognized number is the numerical value of a physical variable, then the number will be subject to change in accordance with physical laws. Symmetry is a recurrent feature of the phenomenology. A mathematical formula conceived by the cognizer may also relate, one to one, the numerical values of quantities in one set with the numerical values of quantities of different dimensionality in another set, which suggests that physical laws are human inventions and that causality is a pure concept of the understanding.