مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

Mulla Sadra


۱.

The Paradigmatic Significance of Perception in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy of Being(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۷ شماره ۲۴ 115 - 143

کلیدواژه‌ها: Islamic philosophy Hikma Mulla Sadra Ibn Sina Ibn Arabi Qunawi Perception Aristotle Plato Civilization

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۷۵ تعداد دانلود : ۲۶۸
Ṣadrā presents the usefulness of the faculties of perception governed by the intellect as a fitting paradigm for understanding man’s being in the world in relation to the divine purpose and source of this being. Perception raises challenging questions which, while peripheral to philosophy proper, have contributed to the debate on knowing and being. Dating back to the Presocratics, this debate came to a head in Islamicate civilization, where perception played a paradigmatic role that also put civilization, on a human scale, at the forefront of the philosophical enterprise. Contemporary historians of thought obscure this role when their interpretations of past traditions are too heavily colored by the positivist conception of perception.
۲.

”The possibility of the prejudicative in the substantialism of Mulla Sadrāʼs ″Kitab al-Mashaʽir(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۷ شماره ۲۴ 171 - 184

کلیدواژه‌ها: Mulla Sadra the ʻpenetrationʼ of Being natural substantialism Islamic hermeneutics pre-judicative

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۵۲
Due to the the movements in European thought from the 16th-17th centuries that have generated enough controversy around the ideas of ʻnatural philosophyʼ and ʻexperimental philosophyʼ, I think it would be appropriate to focus our attention on the evolution of the idea of ʻsubstantialismʼ in ʻtranscendental philosophyʼ from the Islamic philosophy. Mulla Sadrā was the most important philosopher and he established a truly hermeneutics on the idea of the ʻBeingʼ. Due tot the new fields of research into the prejudicative hermeneutics, I can say that I will follow in this paper to manage this idea. I will follow the similarities between the Kitab written by Mulla Sadrā and the european idea of ʻnatural philosophyʼ, I will show some similarities between the ″Kitab al-Mashaʻir″ and ″Treatise on Heavens of Kant″, and i will bring those perspectives into a hermeneutical field of interpretation.The ideas of Kitab are very close to Heideggerʼs perspective on Being and aristotelian perspective of non-Being. Because of this reason, we say is necessary to .open a prejudicative perspective to investigate how works the play between Being and non-Being .
۳.

Illuminating Modern Western Skepticism(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و یکم پاییز ۱۳۹۸ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۸۱) 5 - 26

کلیدواژه‌ها: Aquinas Augustine Illumination MacIntyre Alasdair metaphorical implication Mulla Sadra tradition-constituted rationality

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۸۷ تعداد دانلود : ۲۲۲
The goal of this article is to explain how the concept of Illumination came to be a source of skepticism in the modern West. In ancient and medieval Christian thought it was essentially tied not only to Plato’s philosophy, but especially to Augustine’s invention of the notion that the soul is an inner chamber containing all his knowledge, but also the locus of his encounter with God. The concept of the soul or mind as an inner chamber re-emerged in early modern western philosophy, but it was no longer open to illumination, John Locke having made revelation into an entirely distinct category of knowledge. The set of ocular metaphors of which illumination is a part still has an important place in ordinary language, but can no longer provide for a philosophical theory of knowledge. Thus, different complex metaphors need to be employed. Alasdair MacIntyre’s account of human reason begins with social practices, and can be described as an extensive thesis reflecting the metaphor Knowing as Doing. With his incorporation of Thomas Aquinas into his account of tradition-constituted rationality, it is suggested that interesting parallels might be found with the work of Mulla Sadra.
۴.

Muslim Philosophers on the Relation between Metaphysics and Theology(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و یکم پاییز ۱۳۹۸ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۸۱) 103 - 118

کلیدواژه‌ها: metaphysics theology Ontology Aristotle Avicenna Mulla Sadra

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تعداد بازدید : ۴۴۴ تعداد دانلود : ۶۵۳
In different parts of Metaphysics , Aristotle presents different (and apparently, conflicting) views on the nature and subject matter of the discipline in question. These different characterizations led to wide-ranging interpretations of the relation between metaphysics and philosophical theology. Muslim Philosophers adopted two different views. Al-Kindi and al-Farabi (in some of his works) endorsed the view that metaphysics is the same as theology as far as its subject matter is the First Cause (God) and it deals essentially with incorporeal entities. After Avicenna, however, a second view became dominant according to which metaphysics has a broader realm that embraces theology as its most noble part. The rationale behind this view is that the subject matter of metaphysics is “being qua being”, or unconditioned existent, in its broad sense so that philosophical theology can be taken as discussing some of the proper accidents of the unconditioned existent. This view requires that metaphysics cannot be a secular discipline and should be totally consistent with theology. It also provides us with a certain interpretation of what is usually called “Islamic philosophy.”
۵.

Islamic Philosophy and the Problem of Evil; a Philosophical Theodicy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۱۷, Issue ۱ (۲۰۱۰) 127-148
تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۴
During the last centuries, great religious traditions as well as prominent philosophical and theological schools have been facing the so-called "problem of evil" and trying to solve it in a reasonable and convincing way. This paper seeks to explore Muslim philosophers' approach to the problem and examine their proposed solutions for it. After the main versions of the problem in Islamic philosophy are briefly sketched, the author explains its view about the non-existential nature of evil. At this stage, he discusses the challenge of "apprehensional evil" and three reactions to it. Then he turns to three main solutions proposed by Muslim philosophers in order to meet three versions of the problem of evil, i.e., the problem of evils and God's decree, the problem of creation-dualism and the problem of evils and Divine wisdom.
۶.

Metaphorical Analysis of Causation in Islamic Philosophy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۴, Issue ۱ (۲۰۱۷) 49-60
تعداد بازدید : ۳۲۴ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۲
Unlike Aristotle, Lakoff considers metaphor as an integral part of the process of human thinking and believes that humans often automatically and unconsciously learn and use a wide range of conceptual metaphors. A large part of our scientific and philosophical literature is full of conceptual metaphors. According to Lakoff, like other abstract concepts, causation is made of a small literal part which is extended by various kinds of conceptual metaphors in several directions. The current paper shows that a large part of the metaphors introduced by Lakoff, has been used by Muslim philosophers to describe causation. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Mulla Sadra are two of the most significant Islamic philosophers. According to Ibn Sina, causation is based on ‘Causation is Transfer of Possessions’ metaphor. This metaphor depicts causation as a three-component relation in which the boundaries are very strong and sharp. According to Mulla Sadra, causation is based on ‘Causation is Motion out’ metaphor. This metaphor makes causation to have two components and decreases the strength of boundaries between the components of the relation.
۷.

A Study on Up-Down Orientational Metaphors ‎in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۷, Issue ۳ (۲۰۲۰) 86-99
تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۶
According to the cognitive theory of metaphor, conceptual metaphors are an integral part ‎of the human mind so that we can see these metaphors in all aspects of human thoughts and ‎actions. A part of these metaphors is shaped based on up/down spatial orientations. Based ‎on these metaphors, spatial orientations play a significant role in human understanding of ‎many abstract concepts. These orientational metaphors are visible in ordinary and natural ‎languages, as well as in specialized and scientific texts. It is shown in this paper that a part ‎of these up-down orientational metaphors have also been used in Mullā Ṣadrā's philosophy: ‎the “Having Control or Force Is Up, Being Subject to Control or Force Is Down” metaphor ‎has been used to understand the causal relationship. The “Good Is Up and Bad Is Down” ‎metaphor makes understandable that the source of good attributes is in transcendent and ‎higher world and the source of bad attributes is in material and lowest world. The “More ‎Perfect Is Up and Less Perfect Is Down” metaphor has been used to understand the ‎gradational hierarchy of the beings.‎
۸.

Philosophy and The Human Inheritance in a Post-Western World(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و دوم پاییز ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۸۵) 51 - 68

کلیدواژه‌ها: Farabi Qunawi Ibn Khaldūn Mulla Sadra Hegel Heidegger

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۳۴ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۰
The dissolution of the Western-dominated Postwar Order, and the Eurocentric myths that sustain it, presents a unique opportunity to ponder an old question posed by every new generation: How can philosophy, which Islamic and ancient Greek learning traditions have long defined as the pursuit of “wisdom,” resume its millennial civilizing role? This paper looks beyond passing political events to reconsider why philosophy was viewed in this role. As different as al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Khaldūn, Mullā Ṣadrā, Hegel and Heidegger are from each other, they all approached the question of civilization philosophically by way of the fundamental question of beingness (mawjūdiyya) and existence (wujūd). Moreover, they strove for “completeness” of thinking with the “practical,” where, however, they resisted the temptation to reduce man to his practical or biological functions. Given the magnitude of the present challenges we all face, no dialogue across cultural boundaries can ignore the caution with which philosophical tradition has laid out the terms of this completeness in being.
۹.

Mulla Sadra on Beauty and Art(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۸, Issue ۱ (۲۰۲۱) 60-68
تعداد بازدید : ۳۱۸ تعداد دانلود : ۲۵۹
Using light as a conceptual metaphor for his main philosophical framework, Mulla Sadra introduces some mystical-philosophical principles such as principality of existence, its gradation, unity, and substantial movement. By applying these principles on aesthetics, Mulla Sadra achieved some aesthetical principles such as the principality of beauty, its gradation, and unity. Having these principles in ontology, aesthetics, and regarding some anthropological principle to confront the complicated problems of art, it is reasonable to construct notions such as angelic art and satanic, wrathful, and carnal pseudo-art. The first is the result of a personchr('39')s emanation who reached high levels of existence; others are due to existential emanations of those who have existential deficiencies. This paper shows that similar to art, love is also of four kinds.
۱۰.

Mulla Sadra on the Relation of Sharia and Practical Philosophy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۳۲ 289 - 302

کلیدواژه‌ها: Mulla Sadra Practical wisdom Sharia soul happiness

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۳۴۵
To explain Mulla Sadra’s viewpoint of the relationship of practical wisdom and Sharia, one needs to turn to the explanation of human soul and its perfection (happiness). It should be mentioned that the nature of practical wisdom and its principles are specified based on the definition that is offered of happiness. According to Mulla Sadra, true happiness lies in human soul’s acquisition of rational truths and becoming a subject to the divine forms and the highest possible state for it is understanding divine presence; this is considered to be the ultimate goal of Sharia and divine laws. In fact, Mulla Sadra introduces practical wisdom to be part of Sharia and this is why Sharia and practical wisdom are thought by him to be pursuing the same objective. Generally speaking, relationship of Sharia and practical wisdom is envisaged as an extension of the “mode of absolute generality and specificity”; because according to Mulla Sadra, practical wisdom, as the act of teaching the method of advancement of the stations and stage of God-wayfaring and path of servitude, is part of Sharia. One may seek for the cause of this in the richness of Islamic doctrines in the domain of practical wisdom and explanation of its patterns in religion and Sharia; however, richness of Islamic doctrines and Sharia does not make us needless of the explanation and presentation of effective solutions for application of practical wisdom. This is in fact exactly what Mulla Sadra has neglected in this area.     
۱۱.

Mulla Sadra and God's Detailed Knowledge of Things

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۴ شماره ۳ 61 - 76

کلیدواژه‌ها: Detailed Knowledge God Plato .Avicenna Shaykh lshraq Mulla Sadra Allameh Tabatabaii the complete cause attainment forms

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۹
Plato maintained that God's knoivledge of things consisted of se!f existent externalforms, i.e. Ideas. Plato's belief has been criticized lry Mui/a 5adra and others. Avicenna believes since God is the knower of His own essence which is the complete cause of things, He is the knower of things. His knowledge of things is a general kn01v!edge and general, in this sense, means lack of transformation of knowledge in accordance witb the transformation of knmvn object. The philosophers after Avicenna criticized him, because his belief necessitates the obstacle of the evacuation of the essence of God from peifection and the dread of subsistence of the empirica! knowledge is essentialfor one who is by essence and act non-material. 5hqykh Ishraq maintains that things, whether material or non-material, are presentfor God, the Exalted, by their own concrete existence. There are also criticisms on 5hqykh Ishraq 's notion, among them is that his opinion on the presence of material things is prohibitedfor God, the Exalted, because materiality and presence do not aggregate. 5adr ul-Muta'alehin has affirmed the detailed kno1vledge of God through the principle of "simple reality is all things" i.e. the knowledge of the Necessary Being of all things is actualized in the stage of His essence before the existence of those things. Allameh Tabatabaii rationalizes the detailed knoivledge of God by the existential application of God which is essential for the assumption of necessity of the existence in• itse!f.
۱۲.

Man as Microcosm and the Universe as Macrocosm in Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۴ شماره ۴ 15 - 36

کلیدواژه‌ها: Man Universe Microcosm macrocosm Universal man Mulla Sadra

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۰۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۳
The foundation and corner stone ef Mulla Sadra's attitude toiuards man depends on his whole philosophical system of Transcendent PhilosopfD, tuhich is plunged deep!J into his metapysical vieiv efman as a microcosm in whom creation returns to its source and multiplidty to its uniry; The prindples of his stttcfy provide, therefore, the last link in the rycle of his cosmology and a kry for the understanding ef the macrocosm in a ivqy that it stands between all things, and all things have appan'tions and signs uitbin it and in a wqy that the elements are best mixed and all the faculties ef the Soul assembled and potentia!!J it can adopt every attribute and quality in existence. It is in the same spirit that Mui/a Sadra tells us that God has placed everything that is in the Universe in man and he is considered to be Divine vicegerent, epiphatry of divine name, and macrocosm that extends its relevanry toiuard its source, the Divine, on the one hand, and toiuard the immeasurable cosmos, on the other. Also he insists thatpotential!J every man is Universal Man but in actuality on!J the prophets and the saints can be called l?J such a title and can be foll02ved as prototypes ef the spiritual life and guides on the path ef realization. This article intend to represent a fe1.v ef Mtt!la Sadra 's teachings on man as one small example with Knmvledge and nnsdo»: as the highest attributes that caused the superiority of him 'to the others. The soul is a part andparcel ofhim that accompanies him from the highest station to the lowest level of being. Nian cannot know all that is in the Universe ry going around and stucfying because life is too short and the world too large; on!J ry stucfying himse!f can he come to the knoivledge of all things which already exist within him. This article also treats various dimensions of the knowledge of the soul and its role in the knowledge of God and the divine act (macrocosm).
۱۳.

Mulla Sadra and God's Detailed Knowledge of Things

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۵ شماره ۷ 69 - 84

کلیدواژه‌ها: Detailed Knowledge God Plato .Auicenna Shaykh lsbraq Mulla Sadra Allameh Tabatabaii the complete cause attainment forms

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۰
Plato maintained that God's knoivledge of things consisted of se!f existent externalforms, i.e. Ideas. Plato's belief has been criticized lry Mui/a 5adra and others. Avicenna believes since God is the knower of His own essence which is the complete cause of things, He is the knower of things. His knowledge of things is a general kn01v!edge and general, in this sense, means lack of transformation of knowledge in accordance witb the transformation of knmvn object. The philosophers after Avicenna criticized him, because his belief necessitates the obstacle of the evacuation of the essence of God from peifection and the dread of subsistence of the empirica! knowledge is essentialfor one who is by essence and act non-material. 5hqykh Ishraq maintains that things, whether material or non-material, are presentfor God, the Exalted, by their own concrete existence. There are also criticisms on 5hqykh Ishraq 's notion, among them is that his opinion on the presence of material things is prohibitedfor God, the Exalted, because materiality and presence do not aggregate. 5adr ul-Muta'alehin has affirmed the detailed kno1vledge of God through the principle of "simple reality is all things" i.e. the knowledge of the Necessary Being of all things is actualized in the stage of His essence before the existence of those things. Allameh Tabatabaii rationalizes the detailed knoivledge of God by the existential application of God which is essential for the assumption of necessity of the existence in• itse!f.
۱۴.

A Critical Approach to Human Spiritual Perfection from Deepak Chopra’s Perspective Based on Mulla Sadra’s Opinions(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: pure life, Volume ۸, Issue ۲۹, Winter ۲۰۲۲ 39 - 71

کلیدواژه‌ها: perfectionism Human Spiritual Perfection Deepak Chopra Mulla Sadra

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۲۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۳۶
SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : New spiritualities (New Age) have a special and new view on the human and its place in the universe, leading to certain anthropology bases. Among these bases is perfectionism (spiritual and biological). Both Chopra and Mulla Sadra have discussed various issues on spiritual perfectionism. According to Mulla Sadra’s views, this research seeks to answer the question: What are the objections to Deepak Chopra’s spiritual perfectionism? METHOD AND FINDING : The method is theoretical and it is library research. The study finding is presented under the titles the nature of spiritual perfection, end of spiritual perfection, ways, and obstacles of spiritual perfection. All these titles are explained according to Chopra, and Mulla Sadra separately, and in a comparative way finally. CONCLUSION : The result of the study and analysis of Chopra and Mulla Sadra’s views, based on their works, is that although there are similarities between their views, Sadra’s perfectionism is in the direction of attainment of Almighty God. All the ways and obstacles of perfection discussed by him will help the wayfarer in his wayfaring. In contrast, Chopra’s perfection is not completely divine and is more biological and looks mainly for inner calmness and solving worldly human problems.
۱۵.

An Appreciation and Extension of William Wainwright’s Insights on Interreligious Dialogue(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و چهارم پاییز ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۹۳) 7 - 28

کلیدواژه‌ها: Burrell D.B Interreligious Dialogue Lakatos I MacIntyre A.C Mulla Sadra Tilley T.W Tyrrell G Wainwright W.J

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۲
honor of William Wainwright, this article takes up his interest in interreligious dialogue. It pursues two goals simultaneously: One is to provide a better model for understanding philosophy of religion. Terrence Tilley claims that there is the standard model which is mistaken in that it takes arguing for religious beliefs to be equivalent to justifying commitment to a religion. He promotes a practical model , which has its ancestry in the writings of Michel de Montaigne and Blaise Pascal. This model begins with the lived practices of religion and justifies its intellectual content as explanation for the rightness of this way of life. Wainwright’s work fits into the practical model, but Tilley provides a description and a stronger basis for it. The second goal is to provide much more adequate epistemological resources than those used by the standard model, with contributions from Catholic modernist theologian George Tyrrell, recent philosopher of science Imre Lakatos, and Alasdair MacIntyre, who became interested in evaluating traditions, in science, in moral reasoning, and finally what he came to call large-scale traditions. The problem he needed to overcome is the fact that such traditions carry their own, often different, concepts of reasoning. The possibility of fruitful rational conversation between religions is illustrated here by an account of dialogue between Christianity and Shi’ia Islam, as exemplified in David Burrell’s ability to use conversation with Islamic thought to clarify for Christians their own doctrines of the Trinity, the mediation of Christ, and original sin.  
۱۶.

The Nature of the Soul from Mullā Ṣadrā and John Hick’s Viewpoint(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴۱ 271 - 284
تعداد بازدید : ۲۰۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۶
What this essay is to discuss is Mullā Ṣadrā and John Hick’s viewpoint about the "nature of the soul". Mullā Ṣadrā considers the real nature of human beings to be "the immaterial soul" based on his own principles in the science of the soul. He explains the nature of the soul with respect to substantial motion that the human being is corporeal in coming into being and the immateriality of the human soul in survival and afterlife. John Hick considers the consciousness as the most basic characteristic of mind, which is identical with the soul. He considers the nature of the soul as “human self” which forms his truth. Most of the viewpoints of both thinkers are similar or close to each other such as belief in the existence of the soul and being two-dimensional, quality of Genesis, substantiality, incorporeity, and corporeality of coming into the soul.
۱۷.

Nature along Man’s Journey of Return(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال بیست و پنجم بهار ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۱ (پیاپی ۹۵) 5 - 28
تعداد بازدید : ۱۸۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۷
This paper examines some key aspects of the formal and figurative discourse on ‘nature’ as manifested in the philosophical tradition and with reference to contemporary life. Instead of building a straightforward, self-enclosed argument for the sake of argument, it will demonstrate how someone living today may arrive at certain kinds of judgments in the light both of our collective human inheritance, of which Ḥikma is a major element, and a philosophical reasoning that penetrates into areas of life with which philosophy is not directly or primarily concerned but which are of fundamental importance to all human beings. It begins by sketching a picture of the present historical moment, which many specialists consider a historical anomaly precipitated by the abrupt rise to world domination by a single geographical region. A few basic themes relating to ‘nature’, which by tradition has been approached either figurately or formally, will then be discussed. Their upshot is that for man to live ‘naturally’, he cannot reduce his own nature to that of other animals. Every being has its particular nature. Therefore, the concept of nature cannot be considered only unconditionally or as something common to all animals. Finally, this paper poses two basic questions: Why has our necessary—but equally ‘natural’—separation from the nature of other beings been allowed to go as far as it has? Are we so alone in our modern troubles that we must cast off our human inheritance and pretend to reinvent the universe at every turn?
۱۸.

Free Will as a Fundamental Basis of Moral Action According to Mulla Sadra and Kant(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: International Journal of Ethics and Society, Vol ۵, No ۱, (۶-۲۰۲۳) 13-19

کلیدواژه‌ها: free will ethics practical reason happiness Mulla Sadra Kant

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۷۵ تعداد دانلود : ۳۶۵
Introduction: In this comparative research, while discussing free will as the basis of moral action, Mulla Sadra's and Kant's views were examined. In examining Mulla Sadra's views, his fundamental approach in relation to free will and the fruit of practical reason, i.e. the attainment of transcendental agency, has been considered as the main paradigm. Material and Methods: The research method is logical analysis on the use of library texts. Conclusion: From the comparison of these two theories, it can be concluded that Kant's theory has led to humanist ethics due to benefiting from the essence of human knowledge and using elements such as independence of will. Because according to Kant, man has a true identity and is free from all external and transcendental factors. According to him, independence of will is the highest principle of morality. Mulla Sadra's theory is an epistemological-divine theory and his epistemological basis is also rooted in the beyond. From his point of view, although man is a creator, but he is really the same as belonging, needing, and connecting with the origin of existence, that is, God, and Mullah Sadra's upward course is based on the movement of his essence, the originality of his existence, its skepticism, and the connection of man with the holy intellect and the active intellect, and finally it shows communication with God; that man has no independence from himself and his whole existence is mortal in the existence of the Almighty. Kant considered will and free will as the most fundamental bases, while Mulla Sadra considered theoretical reason to be the basis of human knowledge
۱۹.

Ethics Based on Primacy of Existence (Aṣālat al-Wujūd) with a Focus on Mullā Sadrā's Primacy of Existence(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی زمستان ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴۵ 99 - 115

کلیدواژه‌ها: Mulla Sadra gradation Primacy of Existence Quiddity ethics

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۹۷ تعداد دانلود : ۸۵
This research endeavors to introduce a novel concept in ethics, namely ethics based on the primacy of existence, drawing upon Aṣālat al-wujūd , the theory of the primacy of existence in ontology. Mullā Sadrā's philosophy, which has three basic tenets—the primacy of existence, substantial motion (Ḥarakat-i Juharī), and gradation in existence (Tashkīk-i wujūd)—is the basis for this doctrine. The primacy of existence holds that quiddity is a mental construct and that existence is fundamental. The writers distinguished between two conceptions of ethics in this regard: one based on existence and the other on quiddity. Human quiddity is fixed and does not grade, hence ethics based on quiddity's primacy will always be fixed and the same for every individual. Moral obligations are universal and shared by all individuals. On the other hand, moral obligations for humans might vary depending on their existential status, according to ethics grounded in the primacy of existence. Moral oughts and ought nots are established by human existential grades in this ethics. This ethical model is flexible and dynamic.
۲۰.

Toleration and Mutual Recognition in Hybrid Globalization(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: مطالعات بین المللی سال ۲۰ پاییز ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۲ (پیاپی ۷۸) 51 - 80

کلیدواژه‌ها: Civilizations floating balance Identity Clausewitz Hegel Mulla Sadra

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۳
We are witnessing a new phase of globalization that can be characterized as hybrid. This conceptualization follows the concept of hybrid warfare and essentially encompasses the tense process of ongoing globalization and simultaneous local and regional resistance to it. As a result, identities worldwide are becoming uncertain, fluid (Zygmunt Bauman), or even dissolved. This process of dissolution leads to fragmented identities, held together with difficulty by age-old ideologies - or by violence. An alternative way of securing identity in this process of dissolution is the mutual recognition of the world's civilizations, which tolerance necessarily presupposes. Tolerance, however, also implies drawing the line at what is not to be tolerated. It is precisely in a process of mutual recognition that differences must not be overlooked. For example, tolerance is understood as a right in the liberal understanding, but as a task and duty in Islamic thinking. But we must not stop at the differences. In this respect, a perspective of tolerance as a process is developed here and clarified with the concept of an ascending cycle. The concept of Mulla Sadra, the important Islamic philosopher, contains the seeds of a concept of tolerance that is indispensable for intercultural dialogue and preserving identity.