مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

Plato


۱.

The Paradigmatic Significance of Perception in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy of Being(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۷ شماره ۲۴ 115 - 143

کلیدواژه‌ها: Islamic philosophy Hikma Mulla Sadra Ibn Sina Ibn Arabi Qunawi Perception Aristotle Plato Civilization

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Ṣadrā presents the usefulness of the faculties of perception governed by the intellect as a fitting paradigm for understanding man’s being in the world in relation to the divine purpose and source of this being. Perception raises challenging questions which, while peripheral to philosophy proper, have contributed to the debate on knowing and being. Dating back to the Presocratics, this debate came to a head in Islamicate civilization, where perception played a paradigmatic role that also put civilization, on a human scale, at the forefront of the philosophical enterprise. Contemporary historians of thought obscure this role when their interpretations of past traditions are too heavily colored by the positivist conception of perception.
۲.

Plato Seeking for “One Real Explanation” in Phaedo(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۷ شماره ۲۴ 219 - 240

کلیدواژه‌ها: Plato explanation cause good form

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What this essay is to discuss is Plato''s theory of explanation in Phaedo. In this dialogue, we observe that Socrates criticizes both the natural scientists’ explanations and Anaxagoras’ theory of Mind since he thinks they could not explain all things, firstly, in a unitary and, secondary, in a real way. Thence, we are to call what Plato is seeking as his ideal explanation in Phaedo “One Real Explanation”. He talks at least about three kinds of explanation, two of which, the confused and foolish way of explanation by Forms and the explanation by Forms appealing to essence, are just "second best" and lower degrees of explanation. His ideal explanation is an explanation that can explain all things by one thing and in a real way. Though he cannot show, at least in Phaedo, how this One Real Explanation can work, we can see Plato completing his plan by the Form of the Good in Republic.
۳.

An Introduction to the Constitution of Polis through Religion(Politeia 327A-328B)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: حکمت و فلسفه سال هشتم زمستان ۱۳۹۱ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۳۲) 15 - 22

کلیدواژه‌ها: Plato Republic Polis religion Hiera Hosia

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As a rule, the introduction of scripts usually contains basic hints that through forthcoming lines will be explored and developed in more detail. The same is true about the introduction of Plato’s Politeia or Republic Book One. The mentioned dialogue is about the constitution of polis in philosophical manner, but it does begin with a religious narration about a civic foreign religion and gradually develops into the philosophy of city-state. This occasion makes it necessary to have a deep look at this phenomenon and see what implicit points are contained. In this regard, it seems that the pair hiera / hosia can provide a suitable conceptual framework for ordering and understanding of the introduction.
۴.

Paradox and Relativism(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۶ شماره ۲۱ 75 - 80

کلیدواژه‌ها: relativism Paradox peritrope infinite regress global relativism Plato

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Since the time of Plato, relativism has been attacked as a self-refuting theory. Today, there are two basic kinds of argument that are used to show that global relativism is logically incoherent: first, a direct descendent of the argument Plato uses against Protagoras, called the peritrope; and, second, a more recent argument that relativism leads to an infinite regress. Although some relativist theories may be formulated in such a way as to be susceptible to these arguments, there are other versions of relativism that are impervious to these charges of incoherence. First the arguments against relativism will be stated. Next, a radical form of global relativism with assessment sensitivity is introduced, RR. Finally, it is shown how RR can be defended against the challenges of the peritrope and the regress. No attempt is made to defend RR as a plausible theory; however, the usual attempts to show the logical incoherence of radical forms of global relativism fail.
۵.

Etymology of “Dikaiosune” by the Plato’s Other: Cratylus 412D – 413D(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۷, Issue ۱ (۲۰۲۰) 19-24
تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۳۶۸
Here I will consider the Greek word “Dikaiosune” on the basis of the rather short etymological exploration by one of Plato’s other called Heraclitus. Apart from un-ended discussions and controversies about the nature and quality of etymological surveys of Plato’s Socrates in Cratylus , it is worthwhile to figure out and see how a figure such as Heraclitus wants to demonstrate and stablish the working and influence of “Dikaiosune” in the macro and micro universes otherwise it is an ordinary and petty notion. Plato’s other mentions ( Cratylus 412D – 413D) that where everything is in the flux Dikaiosune should function as an uppermost penetrating principle that can penetrate all moving and changing things in order to make a linkage and binding among all of them.
۶.

Transformation and Transcendence of Artistic Form in Plato's Aesthetic Theory(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی پاییز ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۳۲ 316 - 331

کلیدواژه‌ها: Artistic form Ethical form ethos Mimesis Plato

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Nowadays, although our aesthetic ideas are based on modern theories and perspectives that have pervaded the art, the root of western tradition of art dates back to Greek and Roman art tradition. Theory of form in art tries to emphasize the materiality of artistic object, though in later theories, it has been more flexible and proposes issues such as content and function, as well as attributing concepts such as composition, color, technique etc. to the artwork. Plato by proposing mimesis theory and expanding its scope considered a pattern and framework for attitudes and thoughts in static arts such as painting, literature and dynamic performance arts such as drama and music, and managed to regulate and organize them. For Plato, in this process, ēthos functions as a determinant factor.  This present study is an attempt to discuss this question with descriptive-analytical approach: “will artistic form in Plato's theories be important after proposing the representational attitude toward art?” The results demonstrated that Plato's samples of beauty, in addition to descriptions and implications about the features of artistic form in some conversations can be considered equal to artistic form and due to the reflective theory in its revolution process, artistic form development into transcendence ethical form.
۷.

Sadr-ul-Muta'allehin on Platonic Ideas

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۴ شماره ۳ 22 - 48

کلیدواژه‌ها: Sadr-ul-Mutaallehin Plato Platonic Ideas immutable essences world of intellects

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Sadr-ul-Muta 'allehin, a prominent figure among Islamic philosophers spent his utmost efforts to connect Islamic philosophy, !ysticism, theology and exegesis of Hojy Qur'an in some of the dijferent discussions such as the Primary and Unit» of the Truth of Being (Esalat va Vahdat-e Haqiqat-e Vojoud), the relationship of causaliry which he has defined as actualization (Tasha'on), analogicalgradation of being (T.ashkik-e Vqjoud) , transubstantiation (Harekat-e Johan), the uniry of the Intelligence and the Intelligible (Ettehad-e 'Aghel va Ma 'ghou, and the immaterialiry of the faculry of imagination (tajarrod-e khia01 and Platonic Ideas. He interpreted the meaning of Platonic Ideas on one qf the mystical theories, i.e. ''immutable essences" (A 'ayan-e Sahetah). The present article elaborates dijferent viewpoints among the Islamic philosophers and the critiques of Sadr-ul-Muta1allehin of their perceptions such as Farabi, Ibn-e Sina (Avicenna), Suhra1vardi1 Dauani, and Mirdamad, and commenting on interpretation of Mulla Sadra and also plans to reviews his eight neu. proofs ofPlatonic Ideas.
۸.

Mulla Sadra and God's Detailed Knowledge of Things

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۴ شماره ۳ 61 - 76

کلیدواژه‌ها: Detailed Knowledge God Plato .Avicenna Shaykh lshraq Mulla Sadra Allameh Tabatabaii the complete cause attainment forms

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Plato maintained that God's knoivledge of things consisted of se!f existent externalforms, i.e. Ideas. Plato's belief has been criticized lry Mui/a 5adra and others. Avicenna believes since God is the knower of His own essence which is the complete cause of things, He is the knower of things. His knowledge of things is a general kn01v!edge and general, in this sense, means lack of transformation of knowledge in accordance witb the transformation of knmvn object. The philosophers after Avicenna criticized him, because his belief necessitates the obstacle of the evacuation of the essence of God from peifection and the dread of subsistence of the empirica! knowledge is essentialfor one who is by essence and act non-material. 5hqykh Ishraq maintains that things, whether material or non-material, are presentfor God, the Exalted, by their own concrete existence. There are also criticisms on 5hqykh Ishraq 's notion, among them is that his opinion on the presence of material things is prohibitedfor God, the Exalted, because materiality and presence do not aggregate. 5adr ul-Muta'alehin has affirmed the detailed kno1vledge of God through the principle of "simple reality is all things" i.e. the knowledge of the Necessary Being of all things is actualized in the stage of His essence before the existence of those things. Allameh Tabatabaii rationalizes the detailed knoivledge of God by the existential application of God which is essential for the assumption of necessity of the existence in• itse!f.
۹.

Mulla Sadra and God's Detailed Knowledge of Things

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۵ شماره ۷ 69 - 84

کلیدواژه‌ها: Detailed Knowledge God Plato .Auicenna Shaykh lsbraq Mulla Sadra Allameh Tabatabaii the complete cause attainment forms

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Plato maintained that God's knoivledge of things consisted of se!f existent externalforms, i.e. Ideas. Plato's belief has been criticized lry Mui/a 5adra and others. Avicenna believes since God is the knower of His own essence which is the complete cause of things, He is the knower of things. His knowledge of things is a general kn01v!edge and general, in this sense, means lack of transformation of knowledge in accordance witb the transformation of knmvn object. The philosophers after Avicenna criticized him, because his belief necessitates the obstacle of the evacuation of the essence of God from peifection and the dread of subsistence of the empirica! knowledge is essentialfor one who is by essence and act non-material. 5hqykh Ishraq maintains that things, whether material or non-material, are presentfor God, the Exalted, by their own concrete existence. There are also criticisms on 5hqykh Ishraq 's notion, among them is that his opinion on the presence of material things is prohibitedfor God, the Exalted, because materiality and presence do not aggregate. 5adr ul-Muta'alehin has affirmed the detailed kno1vledge of God through the principle of "simple reality is all things" i.e. the knowledge of the Necessary Being of all things is actualized in the stage of His essence before the existence of those things. Allameh Tabatabaii rationalizes the detailed knoivledge of God by the existential application of God which is essential for the assumption of necessity of the existence in• itse!f.
۱۰.

Sadr-ul-Muta'allehin on Platonic Ideas

نویسنده:
منبع: فصلنامه حکمت و فلسفه ۱۳۸۵ شماره ۷ 99 - 124

کلیدواژه‌ها: Sadr-ul-Muta1allehin Plato Platonic Ideas immutable essences world of intellects

حوزه‌های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۷۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۷
Sadr-ul-Muta 'allehin, a prominent figure among Islamic philosophers spent his utmost efforts to connect Islamic philosophy, !lysticism, theology and exegesis of Hojy Qur'an in some of the dijferent discussions such as the Primary and Unit» of the Truth of Being (Esalat va Vahdat-e Haqiqat-e Vojoud), the relationship of causaliry which he has defined as actualization (Tasha'on), analogicalgradation of being (T.ashkik-e Vqjoud) , transubstantiation (Harekat-e Johan), the uniry of the Intelligence and the Intelligible (Ettehad-e 'Aghel va Ma 'ghou, and the immaterialiry of the faculry of imagination (tajarrod-e khia01 and Platonic Ideas. He interpreted the meaning of Platonic Ideas on one qf the mystical theories, i.e. ''immutable essences" (A 'ayan-e Sahetah). The present article elaborates dijferent viewpoints among the Islamic philosophers and the critiques of Sadr-ul-Muta1allehin of their perceptions such as Farabi, Ibn-e Sina (Avicenna), Suhra1vardi1 Dauani, and Mirdamad, and commenting on interpretation of Mulla Sadra and also plans to reviews his eight neu. proofs ofPlatonic Ideas.
۱۱.

Popper’s Sociology of Science and Its Political Deficit(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی بهار ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴۲ 168 - 187

کلیدواژه‌ها: Popper open society Logic of Scientific Discovery sociology of science normative methodology egalitarianism Politics expertise Plato Marx falsificationism Democracy Modernism

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The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.
۱۲.

Popper’s Open Society and Its Problems(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی بهار ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۴۲ 188 - 204

کلیدواژه‌ها: Popper open society fallibilism Sunstein presuppositions Objectivity fatherless society post - truth Habermas public sphere tradition Plato Essentialism Demography ‘divine corporation’

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After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role
۱۳.

Constructive Comparative Philosophy of Religion: Translations of Christianity and Islam and a Case Study of Ibn Tufayl and Ralph Cudworth(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی سال ۲۵ پاییز ۱۴۰۲ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۹۷) 27 - 36

کلیدواژه‌ها: Monotheism Trinity Incarnation Ibn Tufayl Ralph Cudworth Innate ideas goodness Plato

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We point out how some Christian-Muslim comparative philosophies of religion may be enhanced with certain translations or interpretations of Christianity: a modalist view of the trinity and a high Christology. While perhaps of only limited significance, we argue in more detail that a comparison of two leading philosophers, one Islamic, the other Christian, can bring to light a shared philosophy of innate ideas or nativism, grounding moral and theological views of goodness and the divine
۱۴.

Cancel Culture, Then and Now: A Platonic Approach to the Shaming of People and the Exclusion of Ideas

نویسنده:
منبع: Cyberspace Studies,Volume ۷, Issue ۲, July ۲۰۲۳ 147 - 166

کلیدواژه‌ها: cancel culture Plato Shame social media Socrates

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In this article, I approach some phenomena seen predominantly on social-media sites that are grouped together as cancel culture with guidance from two major themes in Plato’s thought. In the first section, I argue that shame can play a constructive and valuable role in a person’s improvement, just as we see Socrates throughout Plato’s dialogues use shame to help his interlocutors improve. This insight can help us understand the value of shaming people online for, among other things, their morally reprehensible views. In the second section, I argue that it is required for the proper functioning of democratic institutions that some views be excluded from the public sphere, which follows some Platonic ideas from the Laws. In neither case do I argue that this approach is good in an unqualified sense or even ultima facie good. However, I maintain that these important insights from Plato’s dialogues illuminate crucial aspects of how we should think about cancel culture.