مطالب

Today, different customer’s willingness to pay alongside the maturity of data analytics has made it possible to offer segmented prices and gain maximum consumer surplus. Price segmentation is defined as a strategy in which prices are free to adjust based on the "fences" of time of purchase, place of purchase, customer characteristics, product characteristics, etc. Since strategic pricing policies are not practically possible for every single customer, each of them falls into one section. Price segmentation is based on key concepts such as "willingness to pay" and "consumer surplus". However, it also causes "price unfairness perception". Since such feeling is triggered when people compare their deal to another’s, approaches to "make difference in transactions" would be helpful. This study aims to investigate the perceived fairness in three price segmentation methods. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and is descriptive survey research in terms of research method. The statistical population of the research is 384 customers of Tehran's online stores. Data collection was done by questionnaire and data analysis by one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference method using SPSS software. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the validity of the questionnaires. Findings indicate that the method based on "customer characteristics", has the least level of perceived fairness.  The "product bundle" method has increased perceived fairness, but not much, and price segmentation based on "product features" results in the highest perceived fairness.

In most target countries unilateral sanctions act as obstacles that deprive nationals of human rights, particularly economic rights. This descriptive-analytical study to assess the legitimacy of US sanctions from a human rights perspective, especially in relation to ICESCR, seeks to answer the following question: On what basis can the US government be committed to respecting the human rights of Iranians in imposing unilateral sanctions? It is necessary to prove the existence of such an obligation since a State is considered internationally responsible if it violates a proven obligation. As it assumes that all states have the commitment to cooperate for the fulfillment of human rights for all human beings, the findings of this study according to CESCR comments, show that obligations that are related to economic human rights including the obligation to respect and cooperate can be considered extraterritorial, as well. Regarding Iranians residing in America, the US government must respect and uphold these economic human rights in its territory and regarding the Iranians who are within a third country, a blend of (Extra)territorial obligations are raised for America and the countries in which Iranians reside.