مطالب

Western Scientists throughout history express various definition and goals for power; Most of political scientists believe that power is the main concept of politics and power is the goal of politics. They categorized the power into varies classifications. In this paradigm, power means Material instruments and there is no any place for the immaterial instruments. In the other hand Islam as a Monotheistic religion not only mentions the material aspects of political concepts; definitions that provided by Islamic scholars have differences and sometimes contradictory with western definitions. Power is part of politics (not purpose of politics) and it has not intrinsic value. Purpose of politics are guidance of the human to perfection, Establishment of order and justice and Prevention of cruelty. Unlike the western concept, the source of power and the source of its legitimacy is Allah. So in this paper I try to introduce the theory of power in Islam. The main question of this paper is: what is the definition of power in Islam and what are its differences with the western definitions.  

This study aimed to identify and test expectancy motivational model as a theoretical framework to explain the reasons motivating expected information consumer’s behavior for the selection and use of document delivery services of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. In this study, explanatory survey method was used. In order to test the hypotheses and analysis of model’s data, covariance structural equation model-driven approach was used by Amos software version 23. Findings of analytical study shows that information consumers motivational model focusing on the three paths of expectancy, instrumentality and valence, and on the basis of the VIE model, is able to explain information consumers’ behavior in the document delivery services of Shahid Chamran University; therefore, the VIE model in this study was confirmed. Also according to the proposed table (Newstrom & Davis, 1968), motivation level of information consumers in their behavioral motivation to use document delivery services of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz was predicted to be average.

One of the most traditional architecture and urban planning patterns is bazaar. The aim of this paper is studying social, economical and architectural features of traditional bazaars. The claim of this study is that they are significant relationship between social and economical values of bazaars with their architectural values. Bazaar usually is located along the main routes of the city and extended to the city center. Most activities and exchanges of city happen in the bazaar. In the past, the bazaar was a place for the transfer of customs, traditions, ideas and practices of social behavior and social life. Bazaar as a social media and social network, bazaar a source of social capital, forming micro funds are the greatest economically and socially achievements in the traditional bazaar. Wakf in addition has socially and economically important functions in day-life and urban activities, also has in physical aspects vital roles in shaping Islamic cities especially Iranian cites and bazaars. One of the most important features of bazaar’s set is formation guild organizations, socio-political, and the founder of this organization, which may be composed of civil society. Most of these activities and values are related to architectural and physical features of bazaar.

The rights of citizens to provide Social justice, due to emphasis on the basic needs of human beings, known as one of the most fundamental principles in international documents of human rights and civil rights. It's indicators include the right to a fair life, right to health, right to education, right to social security, and right to work and employment, which in human rights documents, particularly in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, regarded as the second generation of human rights. Social justice, who has been noted specifically in the first, third and fourth chapters of Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, are the same components that have been identified in international documents of human rights. These indicators will realize when all citizens have equal opportunity to take advantage of it. The government's obligation to support these rights is positive, and an obligation to urgent results and in some indicators the obligation of result, is increasing.

In last decades, the skillful planning of land resources has become a major issue for rural development. The development of cultivated areas becomes gradually impossible due to ever increasing population growth and urban development. Fuzzy logic is preferred to Boolean logic for land evaluation, because fuzzy techniques lead to estimate for land use suitability on a continuous scale and can therefore, be more informative than the Boolean technique. The objective of this study is to apply fuzzy set methodology in the context of a decision making process known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to land evaluation for irrigated wheat. The results revealed that the results obtained with fuzzy AHP method are in better agreement (R2=0.911) with the observed yield as compared to those obtained with parametric method (R2=0.804). Although, the fuzzy AHP provided more efficient and accurate results than parametric method, the choice of membership functions, width of the transition zones and weight values are determinant to achieve its realistic results in land suitability assessment.

Hail phenomenon is one of the hazardous weather phenomena that can make the highest amount of damage to farms, gardens, cars, rooftops, etc. in a very short time (a few minutes), depending on the diameter of the particles. One of the best ways to study this devastating climatic phenomenon is the use of atmospheric instability indices. The indices which are calculated with the help of radiosonde data give a fairly comprehensive vision regarding the occurrence of such phenomenon. In this study, the incidence of moderate to severe hail is investigated in the period of 1990-2010. First, the atmospheric codes related to hail phenomena were applied to extract the data, then radiosonde data in intended time were received and applying the RAOB software, the physical status of atmosphere was studied. In the studied period, two hail examples were reported on November 27, 2008 and December 5, 2008. In the first instance of hail that occurred on November 27, 2008, the status of some indicators was calculated and it was found that LCL was at an altitude of 284 meters, CCL at an altitude of 1582 meters, LFC at an altitude of 6230 meters, the ice surface at an altitude of 3278 meters, the LI index was -0.2, the K index was 25.7 ° C, and PWC was 28 mm. In the above mentioned conditions, there was a hail with a diameter of 25.4 mm. In the second instance of hail that occurred on December 5, 2008, the status of some indicators was calculated and the results showed that LCL was at an altitude of 280 meters, CCL at an altitude of 1762 meters, LFC at an altitude of 2271 meters, the ice surface at an altitude of 2771 meters, the LI index was -1.4, the K index was 27.1 ° C, and PWC was 23.6 mm. In the above mentioned conditions, there was a hail with a diameter of 3.6 mm. Given that in many ways, the status of most atmospheric indicators in the two above examples of hail were close to each other, it turns out that in similar circumstances, the greater the distance the ice level gets to the summit of cloud, the greater is the probability of hails larger in diameter. The value of this distance for November 27, 2008 was at approximately 6384 meters and for December 5, 2008, it was at about 5012 meters.

New monetary literatures widely concentrates on the importance of institutional arrangements in the effectiveness of monetary policy. The debate regarding the optimal institutional design of central banks, independence and conservatism are usually considered to be the most important ingredients for a stable and successful monetary policy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to deal with the institutional arrangements of monetary policy especially Central Bank Independence (CBI) and Central Bank Conservatism (CBC). Indices used by Grilli et al. (1991), Cukierman (1992), Mathew (2006) and Dumiter (2009) were applied to calculate the CBI during 1961-2016, and CBC in Iran using a dynamic optimal solution under commitment in Barro-Gordon and New-Keynesian forward looking Philips Curve models. Results show that the relative concern on inflation is smaller than that on output gap for the central bank of Iran. Also results regarding the calculations of CBI based on different indices reveals the fact of insufficient independence of central bank in Iran. JEL Classification: C57, E42, E58