مطالب

The excess volatility puzzle refers to the observation of returns that cannot be explained only by fundamentals, and this research attempts to explain such volatilities using the concept of endogenous jumps and modelling them based on the generalized Langevin equation. Based on stylized facts, price behaviour in financial markets is not simply a continuous process, but rather jumps are observed in asset prices that may be exogenous or endogenous. It is claimed that the source of exogenous jumps is news, and the source of endogenous jumps is internal interactions between the agents. The goal is to extract these endogenous jumps as a function of the state variable and time. For this purpose, the generalized Langevin equation is introduced and it is shown that the parameters of this model can be extracted based on the Kramers-Moyal coefficients. The results of self-consistency tests to evaluate the accuracy of the Kramers-Moyal method in extracting the generalized Langevin equation show that this method has good accuracy. In a practical application of the aforementioned method, Ethereum cryptocurrency price data was used between October 2017 and February 2024 with a sampling rate of one minute. By simulating the extracted dynamics, the probability distribution of the first time passage of this cryptocurrency from a specific level was calculated, and an examination of the price behavior of this asset shows that the aforementioned distribution was extracted with good accuracy. The potential function, which is calculated from the first KM coefficient, will be a quadratic parabola for the studied process, and as a result, we have a stable equilibrium at the zero point. Also using the extracted dynamics we show that this model has good out-of-sample prediction ability.

While there are varying perspectives on the bases of reflective practice within the teaching context, there is a broad consensus that reflection is fundamental to building a teacher's professional identity and improving their development. This study sought to investigate the perceptions of EFL teachers of reflective skills of Iranian effective teachers. To this end, a grounded theory design was used. Participants consisted of 30 conveniently selected female intermediate EFL learners from a language institute in Mashhad. For data collection, semi-structured interview and written reflective journal were used. Data analysis was done through manual thematic analysis via open, axial and selective coding. The results showed the following perceptions of EFL teachers of reflective skills of Iranian EFL effective teachers: 1. Behaving in a socially acceptable manner; 2. Being able to motivate students; 3. Managing classroom; 4. Attending to students' diversity of needs; 5. Planning appropriate teaching and evaluation methods and strategies; etc. Moreover, according to the results, the least important reflective skills of Iranian EFL effective teachers were attending to students' diversity of needs, and being able to motivate students. In addition, the most important reflective skills of Iranian EFL effective teachers were evaluating one's own teaching, making appropriate modifications in one's own teaching, thinking skillfully, planning appropriate teaching and evaluation methods and strategies, and managing classroom. The results have some implications for policymakers, teacher educators, authorities in charge of recruiting teachers.

This study offers a full symbolic interactionist examination of Anne Tyler's novel A Slipping-Down Life, examining how identity is developed, acted out, and challenged by symbolic movements, emotional labor, and social recognition. With a focus on the protagonist Evie Decker, this study takes up seven primary questions of inquiry about the formation of identity in terms of performance, the influence of gender expectations, the utilization of music and silence as communication, and the intersections of trauma, emotion, and resistance in terms of negotiating identity. Basing itself on the classic theoretical models constructed by Mead, Blumer, Goffman, and Cooley—and recent reformulations and explications provided by Charmaz, Burke and Stets, and feminist theorists such as Butler and Gilligan—this article places Evie's transformation within generic sociological and psychological contexts. Through acts of self-scarification, deliberate silence, and remaking maternity roles, Evie operates within a condition of marginality and misrecognition. Her experience demonstrates identity as an active, networked, and emotional process, with a strong impact of gender roles and social norms. The research points out that literature, and especially texts richly textured with sociological context, such as Tyler's, offers a fertile backdrop for comprehending identity formation as an emotional, symbolic, and performative process. By drawing upon knowledge from narrative psychology, feminist theory, and cultural sociology, this study highlights the benefit of applying interdisciplinary approaches to literary analysis and the sociological imagination.

Objective: The present study aimed to predict marital burnout in individuals married for 5 to 10 years based on attachment styles, with the mediating roles of marital self-regulation and marital intimacy. Methods and Materials: This study was analytical-correlational in nature, employing path analysis. The sample consisted of 384 married individuals (164 men and 220 women) who were selected through convenience sampling. The participants were aged between 25 and 45, with a marriage duration of 5 to 10 years. Data were collected using validated questionnaires, including the Marital Burnout Scale (Kayser, 1996), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), the Behavioral Self-Regulation for Effective Relationships Scale (Wilson et al., 2005), and the Intimacy Scale (Walker & Thompson, 1983). SPSS and Amos software were used for data analysis, applying structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine direct and indirect effects. Findings: The results indicated that marital self-regulation and intimacy mediated the relationship between attachment styles and marital burnout. Avoidant and anxious attachment styles positively predicted marital burnout, while secure attachment negatively predicted it. Additionally, self-regulation and intimacy were significant mediators, with higher levels of self-regulation and intimacy associated with lower marital burnout. Avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively influenced self-regulation and intimacy, which in turn increased marital burnout. Conclusion: The study concluded that attachment styles significantly impact marital burnout, with self-regulation and intimacy playing crucial mediating roles. Individuals with insecure attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) are more prone to marital burnout, whereas secure attachment leads to lower burnout. Interventions aimed at improving self-regulation and intimacy in couples may help mitigate the effects of insecure attachment styles on marital burnout.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of resilience training and acceptance and commitment group training on improving quality of life in male students from divorced families, while controlling for age at the time of parental divorce and the duration since the divorce. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 90 male students in grades 5 to 9 from Kouhchenar County, whose parents were divorced. Participants were selected using convenience sampling from six schools with the highest prevalence of students from divorced families and were randomly assigned to three groups: resilience training (n = 30), acceptance and commitment training (n = 30), and control (n = 30). The interventions included ten 50-minute weekly sessions based on Kruger’s (2006) resilience protocol and eight weekly sessions based on Hayes and Rose’s (2008) ACT protocol. All participants completed the WHOQOL-BREF before the intervention, immediately after, and at a one-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and MANCOVA while adjusting for confounding variables. Findings: Significant improvements were observed in all four domains of quality of life—physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health—in both intervention groups across time (p < 0.001). The time × group interaction effect was also significant for all components (p < 0.001). Between-subjects analysis showed significant differences in posttest mean scores among the three groups (p < 0.001), and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons confirmed that both experimental groups outperformed the control group (p < 0.001), with the ACT group showing significantly greater improvements than the resilience group in all domains (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both resilience training and ACT-based group training effectively enhanced the quality of life of students from divorced families; however, ACT demonstrated superior and more sustained improvements. These findings highlight the potential of ACT as a preferred school-based intervention for adolescents coping with familial disruption.

Objective: This study aimed to design and validate a structural model of marital satisfaction based on the components of systemic–spiritual couple therapy, with the mediating role of the family power structure. Methods and Materials: The research adopted a descriptive–correlational design with an applied objective. The statistical population included all couples in Isfahan who had been married for at least five years. Using convenience sampling, 384 participants (192 couples) were selected from counseling centers. Participants completed the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Family Power Structure Questionnaire, and the Systemic–Spiritual Couple Therapy Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software. Findings: Results showed that systemic–spiritual couple therapy had a significant positive effect on marital satisfaction (β = 0.54, p < 0.001) and on the family power structure (β = 0.61, p < 0.001). The family power structure also significantly predicted marital satisfaction (β = 0.24, p < 0.01), confirming its mediating role. The overall model demonstrated good fit indices, supporting the hypothesized relationships among variables. Regression analysis also revealed that the components of systemic–spiritual couple therapy and family power structure together explained 25% of the variance in marital satisfaction (R² = 0.25, F = 66.51, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings support the effectiveness of systemic–spiritual couple therapy in enhancing marital satisfaction, both directly and indirectly through improvements in family power dynamics. The proposed model underscores the importance of integrating spiritual and systemic interventions with structural family variables to improve relationship outcomes.

This study explores the impact of emotions on financial markets. Recent research highlights the role of psychological factors in financial crises. Investors, not always rational, base asset risk decisions on emotions and beliefs. Optimism, pessimism, and self-confidence influence decision making processes over time. Irrational investors can cause market prices to deviate from fundamental values. This emotional price anomaly can be seen as a persistent sentiment risk factor significantly affecting stock returns. The research investigates the effect of emotional shocks (positive and negative) on order flow imbalances and their impact on price movements. A three-stage clustering approach is used. The sample includes 172 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2021, with daily data extracted from Rahvard Navin software. Information on independent and dependent variables is analysed using a three-step clustering method to identify different time scales. Finally, regression analysis in MATLAB software is used to examine the relationship between variables within specified time intervals. The results reveal a positive relationship between positive shocks caused by order imbalances and company returns. This relationship is reversed for negative shocks. Three-stage clustering separates companies based on co-movement, revealing distinct behaviour and relationships between variables within each cluster. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the three-step clustering method for analysing company data.

The preservation of invaluable cultural heritage assets, including ancient artifacts and historical sites, remains a critical global concern. Existing perimeter protection methods, such as CCTV systems, infrared sensors, and conventional surveillance technologies, often exhibit significant limitations in terms of spatial coverage, sensitivity to subtle intrusions, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an innovative and highly effective solution utilizing fiber optic sensor (FOS) technology, which offers numerous advantages, including lightweight construction, immunity to electromagnetic interference, ease of installation, high sensitivity, and reliable performance across a broad range of applications. Specifically, the study introduces novel designs for distributed acoustic FOS systems based on Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometric configurations. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis, simulation modeling, and experimental validation, the research explores their practical utility in protecting cultural heritage. Two detailed case studies—focused on the Louvre Museum in France and the ancient archaeological site of Persepolis in Iran—demonstrate the implementation, functionality, and real-world efficacy of the proposed systems. The findings highlight how these FOS networks, particularly when combined with advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, can effectively detect, classify, and localize human-induced acoustic disturbances such as walking or digging, while minimizing false alarms caused by environmental noise. This enhanced discrimination capability not only improves overall security but also significantly reduces the need for extensive human surveillance. Moreover, these systems enable precise, continuous, and real-time 24-hour monitoring over vast indoor and outdoor areas. In conclusion, the integration of FOS technology offers a scalable, intelligent, and transformative approach to addressing the complex and evolving challenges associated with the long-term preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites around the world.

This paper investigates the role of Zen philosophy, as derived from haiku poetry, in the architectural design process. It explores the nature of Zen, its unique perspective on art and literature, and how this perspective is reflected in architectural design processes. The paper also examines how the creation of architectural spaces can be integrated with the poetry and (haiku) influenced by this philosophy. This research seeks to answer the question of how Zen thought can be applied in architectural design through the utilization of haiku poetry. A descriptive-analytical approach, combining inductive and deductive reasoning, is employed. Initially, Zen theories based on haiku are deductively applied to case studies. Subsequently, Zen architectural theories based on haiku are extracted from these case studies. Finally, the results are obtained by combining inductive and deductive methods. This paper aims to introduce haiku, elucidate the role of Zen philosophy in haiku poetry, and explore the influence of Japanese Buddhism on the architectural design process. The result of this research reveal that haiku is the product of immediate, intuitive experience and cannot be evaluated based on conventional poetic criteria. Haiku is a form of enlightenment or illumination, in which the poet perceives the vitality of objects and grasps the meaning of the ordinary and commonplace. Haiku poetry presents viewers with perspectives on nature, humanity, and life. By integrating literary concepts into the architectural design process, haiku can serve as a powerful cultural and artistic medium, fostering audience engagement with literature and cultivating a unique, philosophical understanding of phenomena.

Wild animals need special attention because of their significance from the environmental,ecological, genetic, scientific, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic points ofview. There are numerous international instruments and documents in the field of internationalwildlife law (IWL). Among them, there are three well-known instruments namely the Ramsar,Bonn, and CITES Conventions. In the present piece, these Conventions are studied comparativelyin order to find out their approaches toward the protection of wildlife. In doing so, the author,first and foremost, provides a brief overview of these Conventions. Thereafter, their approachestoward wildlife protection would be analyzed. The methodological approach of this researchincludes analysis of wildlife protection through descriptive and normative explanation of theRamsar, Bonn, and CITES Conventions. According to the findings of this study, reasonable andwise use of wetlands (the approach of the Ramsar Convention), special attention to migratorybirds (the approach of the Bonn Convention), and the regulation of international wildlifetrade (the approach of CITES) are three main and prevalent approaches in these instruments.Furthermore, it appears that CITES has played a more important and effective role in IWL andprotection of wildlife. It is due to the fact that this Convention has more operative tools and itsState Parties have undertaken more extensive and practical obligations.

This paper reviews a two-stage stochastic programming model for integrating the decision problems of "determining capacity levels" and "determining environmental policy plans for assembly centers and consumers" for new sustainable products by considering economic and environmental factors. For this model, in the first stage, the capacity level of the new product is determined by the assembly company. Then, the amount of consumer demand is observed, which affects the decision-making of the first stage. In the second stage, the revision decision is made in line with the random scenarios that affect the decisions of the first stage. The main goal is to maximize the benefits of environmental policy programs for assembly centers and consumers by considering consumer demand under carbon policy. This paper provides a model that considers the permissible threshold limit for carbon emissions (carbon emission policy) to achieve this goal. A numerical example of the demand for reusable cars is presented. The results of this paper provide valuable insights for policymakers and assembly centers in implementing environmental policies.