مطالب

Background: Taekwondo is a traditional Iranian martial art currently practiced in over 206 countries around the world. Aim: The present study aims to provide fundamental information on injuries in Iranian elite Taekwondo athletes. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 Iran Taekwondo national team athletes (means±standard deviations: Age: 28.8±10.7 years, Height: 175.7±9.2 cm, Weight: 69±14.7 kg) participated in this retrospective study. The data was collected based on the injury surveillance system during 2021. The questionnaire included personal information and Taekwondo-related injuries information. Data was illustrated using descriptive methods and was analyzed using the Chi-Square test ( P <0.05). Results: The overall injury occurred during training was more than competition ( P <0.05). The occurrence of acute injury was higher than chronic ( P <0.05), and the most prevalent types of injuries were strain, rupture, and muscle spasm. The number of injuries that occurred in the lower extremity was higher than in other parts ( P <0.05), and the knee was the most vulnerable joint ( P <0.05). The most important cause of injuries was fatigue ( P <0.05). The non-contact injury was the most significant injury mechanism ( P <0.05). The severity of injury in Iranian elite Taekwondo athletes was high ( P <0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that injuries during training were more than competition, acute injury was more than chronic, strain was the most common type of injury, and the most vulnerable joint was the knee. Fatigue was the leading cause of injuries in elite Taekwondo athletes. So, in designing an injury prevention program, these factors should be considered.

Background : Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a marker of prenatal androgen exposure that has been associated with behavioral parameters. Individuals with low 2D:4D are more aggressive and tend to engage in more physical activity. Aim: We examined the relationship between 2D:4D and physical activity, sensation seeking and aggression in mature and immature boys. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of Mazandaran male students aged 9 to 17 years in 2019-2020. The sample was 218 healthy, cluster randomly selected boys (13.77±2.4 y/o) from three schools with no health issues. 2D:4D digit ratio, physical activity, aggression, sensation seeking were measured. Pearson correlation analyzed variable associations. Significance was considered at P ≤0.05. Results : Low 2D:4D ratio was associated with higher physical activity (r≈-0.27), sensation seeking (r≈-0.3), and aggression (r≈-0.21), during childhood and adolescence ( P <0.05). These relationships among right and left hand 2D:4D ratios with physical activity and sensation seeking remained consistent across maturity levels ( P <0.05). Only immature boys had a significant association between 2D:4D ratios and aggression (r≈-0.29, P <0.05). Physical activity was positively associated with sensation seeking (r≈0.25, P <0.05), but not aggression in mature and immature boys. Conclusion : Prenatal testosterone organizes boys' physical activity and behavioral parameters, influencing the later development of sensation-seeking and aggression and greater participation in physical activity. The study has limitations such as a small sample size and a self-report method for assessing aggression. Future research should focus on behavioral observation methods with larger sample sizes.

Purpose: On the other hand, fatigue is one of the most important indicators of aging syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and fatigue in elderly residents of rest homes in Tehran. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study in which 20 rest homes located in Tehran province constituted the study population. By visiting rest homes, the eligible subjects were chosen. Physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). The FACIT Fatigue Scale is a short, 13-item, easy to administer tool that measures an individual’s level of fatigue during their usual daily activities over the past week. Nutritional status was evaluated by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The results of statistical analysis indicated a significant and positive correlation between PASE and FACIT scores (r=0.48, p<0.01) while, there was a significant negative correlation between FACIT score and age (r=-0.23, p<0.01). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between MNA and FACIT (r=0.40, p<0.01). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between MNA and PASE score (r=0.31, p<0.01). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that holding sports classes under the supervision of exercise physiologists is an essential matter to increase health and prevent age-related complications in elderly residents of Tehran rest homes.

Background: Gene polymorphisms are related to athletic performance. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is essential in identifying talent and guiding adolescents to appropriate sports. Aim : The aim was to investigate the relationship between the angiotensin gene and endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 15 Amateur adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil (age: 13.07±1.53 years, height: 164.60±10.68 cm, weight: 60.14±6.32 kg, BMI: 22.22±4.98 kg/m 2 ) with three-year wrestling. Chest and thigh muscle endurance, abdominal fat percentage and cardiovascular endurance, chest press, and squat muscle endurance were measured. ACE polymorphism was determined using tetra-ARMs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared direct DNA sequencing in salivary samples. Chi-square and ANOVA were used to compare frequencies and their relationship with performance indicators. Results: ACE DD genotype frequency was higher in novice adolescent wrestlers, and there was a significant difference between ACE polymorphism frequency ( P =0.008). There was a significant difference between ACE genotype distribution with endurance performance of pectoral and triceps ( P =0.004) muscles, body composition ( P =0.0001), and Vo 2 max ( P =0.0001). There was a significant difference between body composition and Vo 2 max of Amateur adolescent wrestlers with ACE DD ( P =0.0001), ACE II ( P =0.0001), and between body composition and Vo 2 max with ACE II ( P =0.0001), ACE DD ( P =0.0001), and ACE ID ( P =0.0001). In body composition, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD ( P =0.0001) and compared to ACE ID ( P =0.0001). Also, in Vo 2 max, ACE II was significantly higher compared to ACE DD ( P =0.0001) and compared to ACE ID ( P =0.0001). Conclusion: Findings showed the superiority of ACE DD polymorphism and its relationship with the endurance performance of novice adolescent wrestlers in Ardabil. ACE DD polymorphism is probably essential in wrestler success. Other research with more subjects and other genes is important.

Background: Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition that can impact a person's ability to walk and move comfortably. Pronated foot posture has been suggested as a potential contributor to low back pain, and this study examines its impact on muscle activity during gait in individuals with low back pain. Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether pronated foot alters the activity timing of trunk and lower limb muscles during gait in low back pain patients. Materials and Methods: The sample of this study included 32 men with low back pain and pronated foot. Participants were divided into control (n=15, with foot pronated only) and experimental (n=17, with both low back pain and foot pronated) groups. The experimental group did resistance training with Thera-band for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. A wireless electromyography system with 9 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes was used to record the electromyography activity timing of back and lower limb muscles (sample rate: 2000 Hz). Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant between-group differences were found at baseline onset of EMG activity timing for gastrocnemious medialis ( P <0.001), gluteus medius ( P <0.001) and erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level ( P =0.001) muscles. Results indicated significant main effects of “Time” for erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level offset ( P =0.023), significant main effects of “group” for tibialis anterior offset ( P = 0.039) and for erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level offset ( P = 0.010). Conclusion: The selected training program changed the timing of erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level in older adults with both low back pain and pronated feet during walking.

Purpose: Hacking the human brain and manipulating human trust to obtain information and get monetary gains is called social engineering. This study aims to visualize and analyze the co-authorship networks in the Scopus citation database's social engineering research from 1926 to 2020.  Method: The present quantitative study used the bibliometric method and social network analysis. The study collected data from the Scopus database. A total number of 1994 records were taken as the sample of the study. Researchers used descriptive and inferential statistics and social network analysis to obtain results; to do this, different software types were used in the study (SPSS, Microsoft Excel, Text Statistics Analyzer, ISI.exe, Pajek, and VOSviewer). Findings: The findings indicate the top three sources of publishing and the related subject areas. Furthermore, the top three core authors and countries were identified. Also, the authors with high centrality measures in the co-authorship networks were identified. A large majority of papers had only one author. The Collaborative Coefficient among researchers was 0.36. Based on the results of Spearman's test, there was a significant association between the number of documents, the number of citations, and the rate of total link strength of the countries. Likewise, there was a positive and high significant association between degree and closeness centralities.  Conclusion: The researchers' frequently used keywords in this area were social engineering, phishing, and information security; in addition, the frequency of keywords was not compatible with Zipf’s Law. A small sample of keywords will not properly follow Zipf’s distribution.

Purpose: This study analyzes the activities of top Times researchers in the field of political science with an emphasis on examining the ResearchGate network.  Method: This study opted for altmetric approach. Two research communities have been surveyed. The number of 145 faculty members affiliated to the top 10 universities of the Times 2021 in the field of political science was stratified sampling randomly, selected. Participation in the ResearchGate network was examined, for them. For the attendees, the indicators of citations, RG-score, and reads were extracted and compared. For the top 15 best Times scientific institutes, the RG scores per member and publication per member were calculated and compared. Correlation between Times Ranking and ResearchGate's indicators, done too. For data analysis, LibreOfficeCalc, and SPSS22 were exploited.  Findings: Only, 39% of all faculty members belong to the best Times centers in the field of political science, have seen by registration in the ResearchGate network. For 57 registered individuals, there was a significant correlation between ResearchGate's indicators with each other. But there was no significant relationship between the Times rankings and the mentioned indicators, except for the reads (P-value = 0.018) with a weak reverse correlation (Spearman coefficient= - 0.314). Furthermore, comparative analysis for the top 15 Times institutes had done from standpoint of RG-Score, too.  Originality: The Correlation relationship between Times rank and ResearchGate’s indicators in the field of political science, in addition, the participation of faculty members of the best scientific centers in this mentioned field had not been done yet.

This article examined the organizational ambidexterity model for digital innovation in the banking industry and explained the dimensions of the ambidexterity model in this organization. Regarding intense competition and rapid changes and variations in products, processes, and technologies in today's world, organizations and managers must be ambidextrous to remain successful over time; Ambidexterity means the ability to simultaneously succeed in two contradictory abilities, for example, ambidexterity such as taking advantage of present opportunities, and discovering and creating new opportunities for the future, adaptation, alignment, flexibility, and efficiency. But the key questions are “what are the dimensions and components of organizational ambiguity?”, and “What is the current and favorable situation of Saderat Bank of Iran in this regard? Orienting an organization as an integrated set in order to reach ambidexterity and sustain it requires a set of causal, contextual, interventional, and strategic factors which ultimately lead to the consequences of organizational ambiguity. This study identified the dimensions and components of organizational ambidexterity through reviewing the literature on organizational ambidexterity as well as interviewing an expert group and analyzing their viewpoints. Then, by distributing a researcher-made questionnaire and statistical analysis, it examined the research pattern in the current and desirable situation of the organization.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to design and explain the development model of future managers based on talent management and personality types with the grounded theory approach in the headquarters of the National Social Security Organization. Method : This research was conducted with a qualitative-inductive approach and Strauss-Corbin's grounded theory method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. Using the grounded theory method, the data obtained from interviews with 12 elites and qualified specialists of the Social Security Organization were analyzed in three open, axial, and selective coding stages. Findings : 19 general categories in the form of a paradigm model in which these factors include causal conditions (individual factors, organizational factors, lack of proper selection, knowledge and skills of employees), central phenomenon (future managers based on talent management and personality types), contextual conditions (Organizational context, Talent Selection, Talent utilization), intervening conditions (psychological (individual) factors, Individual factors, Management factors), and strategies (Talent sourcing, Empowerment of managers and employees, Proportion of job and employment, Succession, Foresight and Cognitive Strategy) and Consequences (Organizational results, Public satisfaction, Futurization). Conclusion : Conclusion: Recent developments in the field of human resources have made this field doubly important. Organizations try to employ the most specialized people at management levels, and therefore talent management, as a key king, examines the types of situations involved in this field. Proper use of talents leads to success and puts the organization on the right track.