مطالب

Introduction: The intensification of environmental crises in urban societies, particularly in the context of accelerating climate change, has turned environmental policy into one of the most important arenas of public decision-making. Cities are, on the one hand, major centers of pollution generation and resource consumption, and on the other hand, they concentrate the highest levels of social inequality and environmental vulnerability. Within this context, urban environmental policies face complex ethical challenges related to the distribution of responsibilities, costs, and benefits among citizens and institutions. Drawing on the literature of environmental ethics and climate justice, this article seeks to rethink the concept of individual responsibility, examine the tension between environmental efficiency and social justice, and analyze the role of urban institutions and structures in the redistribution of responsibilities. Material and Methods: This research was conducted as a narrative–analytical review article. To this end, reputable scientific sources published in international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. The information obtained from the studies was analyzed and conclusions were drawn based on the analyses. Conclusion: The analytical findings indicate that an exclusive focus on individual responsibility, without due attention to structural and institutional constraints, can lead to the reproduction of urban inequalities and undermine the legitimacy of environmental policies. Climate justice, as a normative framework, enables the integration of environmental efficiency, social justice, and institutional responsibility, and redefines the criteria for policy evaluation. The article concludes that the design of just urban environmental policies requires a multidimensional approach in which citizen empowerment, institutional accountability, and the reduction of social inequalities are pursued simultaneously. Such an approach constitutes a fundamental condition for achieving environmental sustainability and social justice in contemporary cities.

This paper explores the philosophical relationship between Immanuel Kant's transcendental idealism and Ludwig Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy, particularly focusing on the echoes of Kant's ideas in Wittgenstein's work. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason argues that human cognition is shaped by a priori categories, which structure our experience of phenomena but leave the noumenal realm unknowable. Wittgenstein, in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, similarly examines the limits of what can be known; suggesting that language mirrors reality but also has its limits in expressing what lies beyond logic. In his later work, Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein emphasizes the social and contextual nature of meaning, developed through "language games" and "forms of life". This paper argues that while Wittgenstein shifts from Kant’s universal transcendental structures to a more pragmatic view of language, both philosophers share a concern with the limits of human knowledge and expression. Furthermore, both thinkers acknowledge the ineffable about Kant’s noumenal world and Wittgenstein’s mystical realm as crucial yet unreachable domains. This comparative analysis contributes to contemporary discussions in epistemology and philosophy of language, demonstrating the enduring relevance of Kant’s transcendental insights in Wittgenstein’s linguistic turn.

Objective : This study examines how different research and development (R&D) funding sources—business enterprise R&D (BERD), higher education R&D (HERD), and government-financed R&D (GOVERD)—influence national innovation and competitiveness, measured by the Global Innovation Index (GII) and Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). This study addresses a critical gap by moving beyond aggregate R&D spending to examine how funding composition shapes innovation capacity.  Methodology: Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was conducted on a sample of 47 countries using data from OECD R&D Statistics, World Bank Development Indicators, and GII/GCI reports. Missing values (< 3%) were imputed using mean substitution. Diagnostic tests were applied to verify normality, minimal multicollinearity, and compliance with heteroscedasticity assumptions. Two models were subsequently estimated with GII and GCI as dependent variables. Results : For the GII model (R² = 0.601, F = 12.37, p < 0.001), overall GERD intensity was significantly positive (β = 10.54, p = 0.040), while disaggregated components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) showed no individual significance due to multicollinearity. GDP per capita was robust (β = 8.78e-05, p = 0.019). For the GCI model (R² = 0.651, F = 15.31, p < 0.001), GERD was non-significant; GDP per capita remained the strongest predictor (β = 0.0003, p < 0.001). Regression assumptions were satisfied (Jarque-Bera p > 0.44; Durbin-Watson ≈ 2.1). Conclusion : Overall R&D intensity significantly influences innovation, but relationships with disaggregated sources are complex. The importance of GDP per capita shows that the quality of institutions and the ability to absorb new ideas are both important for turning R&D spending into innovation and competitiveness benefits. Policymakers should prioritize both R&D funding levels and the institutional environment enabling effective R&D utilization.

Dans cet article, nous explorons la quête identitaire de Jeanne, l'héroïne d’Une Vie de Guy de Maupassant, à travers une analyse sociolinguistique, éclairée par les réflexions de Luce Irigaray. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la manière dont Jeanne, en tant que femme dans une société patriarcale, traverse une crise d'identité sociale et linguistique. En nous appuyant sur les travaux d'Irigaray, et soulignant la manière dont l'être féminin est souvent réduit au silence dans les discours dominants, nous nous proposons d’analyser comment le langage de l’héroïne, et son incapacité à s’affirmer, illustre sa subordination et son aliénation dans un cadre social où les préjugés socio-culturels masculins prédominent. Dans cette perspective, nous allons mettre en lumière les tensions entre le désir du personnage pour échapper aux rôles traditionnels qui lui sont assignés et le poids des attentes sociolinguistiques qui façonnent son identité. Ce travail aura pour objectif de montrer comment, dans ce roman de Maupassant, le langage, ou plutôt l’absence de voix, devient le reflet de l'oppression féminine.

This study examines the reciprocal relationship between urban transformation in Mecca and the constitution of identity in Raja Alem’s contemporary Saudi novel, The Dove's Necklace (2010). While existing scholarship frequently addresses the marginalization of women or the sociocultural erosion resulting from Mecca’s urbanization, it often overlooks the mutually constitutive dynamic between the city and its inhabitants. This paper argues that the rapid redevelopment of Mecca precipitates simultaneous and interconnected transformations in both its physical landscape and its characters’ subjectivities. The analysis employs a chronotopic framework, drawing on Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope to demonstrate how Mecca’s space and time and the characters' sense of self are intrinsically linked and co-productive. By operationalizing the chronotope within a tangible, physical context, this study addresses a critical gap in literary scholarship. Consequently, it not only elucidates the complexity of Alem’s narrative but also positions The Dove's Necklace within global discourses on urbanization, cultural heritage, and the negotiation of identity, thereby underscoring the significance of contemporary Middle Eastern literature for an international readership.