مطالب

In response to the question of why Prophet Abraham (PBUH) was appointed to the position of Imamate, various theories have been proposed in verse 2:124 of the Quran. Imam Musa Sadr, in his article "A Reflection on the Verse of the Imamate of Abraham (PBUH)”, critiques four theories: the same status of Prophethood, appointment to political-social leadership, Imamate at the rank of the Ulul Azm Prophets (PBUH), and inner guidance. He also presents a fifth theory titled "Pioneering in Action”. However, this theory has also failed to provide a suitable explanation for the Imamate of that Prophet (PBUH). In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, we reject these five theories and propose a new theory titled "Prophet Abraham (PBUH), Imam of the Nations”. This theory, based on verses, narrations, and historical evidence, distinguishes the Sharia of Prophet Abraham (PBUH) in its universality from the Sharia of the other three Ulul Azm Prophets (PBUH) and considers it in harmony and unity with Islamic Sharia. The Sharia of that Prophet has always been present in the world after him and has been connected to Islamic Sharia. Prophet Abraham (PBUH) has been a role model for all people of the world and a standard for monotheism and religiosity. For this reason, he has been the Imam of the nations, and his appointment to the position of Imamate is a specific appointment that even differs from his Imamate in terms of being one of the Ulul Azm.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the role of Insecurity in Attachment and fear of intimacy in predicting the desire for remarriage in divorced women.Methods: This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of divorced women in Tehran in 2020, and among them, 158 people were selected using convenience sampling and snowball methods through social networks. Data were collected using the Marriage Desire and Fear of Intimacy questionnaires and the Adult Attachment Scale. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis were also used to analyze data. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis at a significance level of (P<0.05), for which SPSS22 was used.Results: The results showed that fear of intimacy has a negative and significant relationship with the desire to remarry (r = -0.209; p = 0.008). However, anxious and avoidant insecure attachment styles did not show a significant relationship with the desire to remarriage. Multiple regression analysis showed that Fear of intimacy could explain only 3.8% of changes in remarriage desire among divorced women.Conclusion: The desire and tendency to remarry in divorced women is affected by negative experiences resulting from previous failed marriages or relationships. Therefore, paying attention to the healing of emotional wounds or psychological trauma in premarital counseling seems necessary before attempting to remarriage.

The present study aims to investigate the technical and non-technical patterns of the curriculum in open and distance learning generations in order to identify the position of these foundations in the field of opinion and action. Decision-making in curriculum planning has a wide range and various groups are seeking to influence and participate in decisions related to curriculum planning. The research approach was descriptive-analytical and the strategy was qualitative and documentary. Curriculum planning is the process of predicting and preparing a set of learning opportunities for a specific population in order to achieve educational goals and objectives. This type of approach is applicable in technical curriculum planning. Another approach in curriculum planning is spontaneous decision-making and unplanned approach, which relates the planning process to the interactions between teachers and students. According to these two perspectives, a technical and non-technical approach to curriculum planning has emerged. Therefore, the teacher should select a small and limited framework of the curriculum process as a model and analyze and identify it in order to organize their educational activities in an appropriate situation and within the scope of that framework. In the present article, an overview of technical and non-technical curriculum patterns regarding educational requirements in the context of open and distance learning generations has been explored. The results in the curriculum patterns section support these patterns in the technical patterns section, including the Tyler model, and in the non-technical patterns section, including the Pinar model.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify and determine the importance of futures studies components within the sociology curriculum of senior secondary school textbooks. Methods and Materials: This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. The qualitative part involved thematic analysis of all senior secondary school sociology textbooks using open, axial, and selective coding to identify key components. The quantitative part utilized Shannon entropy to determine the importance and ranking of these components. The study sample was selected through purposive sampling, focusing on relevant and credible textbooks and sources. Findings: The thematic analysis revealed 40 key components categorized into three main categories: learner characteristics, teacher characteristics, and organizational and structural features. Significant components included research thinking, project-based learning, future-oriented thinking, opportunity creation, and preparing students for the future. The results highlighted the pivotal role of both learners and teachers in fostering a future-oriented learning environment. The Shannon entropy analysis further established the priority and importance of these components within the curriculum. Conclusion: The integration of futures studies components into the sociology curriculum is essential for preparing students to navigate future challenges and opportunities. Emphasizing critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills within the curriculum equips students with the necessary tools for the modern world. The study underscores the need for continuous evaluation and im

The 21st century is commonly referred to as the century of technological upgradation and digitalisation. A large section of the developmental activities that are taking place in our daily lives are due to the invention and exploration based activities that are being conducted by  researchers, scientists and scholars from different nations. One of the most significant activities that have helped in shaping the country's future is the ability to forecast weather conditions, disaster situations, natural calamities and atmospheric health of a country and also of the world at large. This becomes possible because of the imagery and the information which are generated with the help of the satellites. Furthermore different categories of satellite also help in broadcasting such information and sending information to the masses through various modes of communication including the television and the wireless network mediums. The term invention is heavily dependent and interconnected with a particular discipline of law- the intellectual property right. The information which is generated by the satellites is considered as important creations. The main question that arises in this sector is whether such information is subject to protection under any scheme and specifically copyright regime of the intellectual property right domain. This paper focuses on the intersection between the copyright regime and the creations in relation to the outer space and what are the possible areas which are required to be focused on in order to establish a sound system of protection for such creations.

Notwithstanding the explicit provision for interpretive awards under Article 32 of Iran’s Law on International Commercial Arbitration, their application in domestic arbitration remains contentious. However, their existence may be inferred from instruments such as Article 9 of the 2022 Arbitration Fee Regulations. The absence of a comprehensive definition for interpretive awards has perpetuated conceptual confusion and facilitated their misuse as substitutes for revision procedures—a problematic tendency that, when considered alongside the significant benefits of properly utilized interpretive awards, underscores the critical importance of precisely understanding this legal mechanism. Interpretive awards must be conceptualized within established legal frameworks including res judicata and functus officio. Crucially, such awards address only those ambiguities arising from either drafting deficiencies or divergent party interpretations, rendering them fundamentally distinct from supplementary or corrective awards. In international law, interpretive awards appear in various instruments including the 1976 UNCITRAL Rules (which govern the Iran-U.S. arbitration agreement). International practice demonstrates that valid interpretation requests must satisfy specific criteria: (1) demonstration of genuine ambiguity; (2) pursuit of clarification rather than substantive modification; (3) direct relevance to the award’s scope; and (4) grounding in established factual circumstances. Proper requests should additionally include: (a) the ambiguous text; (b) explanation of the ambiguity; and (c) the parties’ conflicting interpretations. The jurisprudence of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal confirms that failure to meet these requirements has resulted in uniform rejection of interpretation requests.