درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Aim: The present study investigated the moderating role of interpersonal mindfulness in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict.Method: The Research method is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population consists of married students of Alzahra and Tehran University, and 182 people were randomly selected by sampling by multi-stage cluster method. Questionnaires on interpersonal mindfulness (IMS), interpersonal sensitivity (ISS), and marital conflict (MCQ) were given them. Statistical data analysis at the descriptive and inferential levels was performed with SPSS and Smart-PLS 3. Result: Partial least square-structural equation modeling showed a significant positive association between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict (β= .43, t= 6.47 > 2.58, p < 0.001) and the interaction effect of interpersonal mindfulness and interpersonal sensitivity had a significant relationship with marital conflict (β = .15, T-values= 2.43, p < 0.05. Thus, the moderating role of interpersonal mindfulness in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict was confirmed.Conclusion: couples with a high level of interpersonal sensitivity are likely to experience more marital conflict, and the predictive effect of interpersonal sensitivity on marital conflict   is significantly weakened by increasing the level of interpersonal mindfulness, thus interpersonal mindfulness plays a moderating role in the link between interpersonal sensitivity and marital conflict. Therefore, interpersonal mindfulness training is suggested to family counselors to reduce conflicts and marital problems in couples who suffer from interpersonal sensitivity. In addition, The findings of this research can provide valuable information for families, psychologists, and society.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the model fit based on the relationship between parents' religious orientation and the tendency towards critical thinking and happiness with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in female high school students. Method: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with a population of teenage girls from public high schools in the city of Chalus. A sample of 319 participants was selected using cluster random sampling. Data collection tools included the Ricketts Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003), the Dennis and Vander Wal Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (2010), the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1967), and the Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle et al., 1989). Findings: Results showed a significant positive relationship between religious orientation and critical thinking tendency (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), happiness (r = 0.41, p < 0.05), and cognitive flexibility (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). There was also a significant positive relationship between cognitive flexibility and the tendency towards critical thinking (r = 0.73, p < 0.01) and happiness (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Based on the results of structural equation modeling, the model based on the relationship between parents' religious orientation and the tendency towards critical thinking and happiness with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility among students is adequately fitted. The application of promoting religious duties and training in cognitive flexibility to enhance happiness and critical thinking tendency in students could be considered in experimental studies by researchers, educational planners, and counselors.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate a causal model of marital quality of life based on psychological resilience with the mediating role of sexual satisfaction in married teachers. Methods and Materials: The research employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The sample consisted of 375 married teachers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire by Hudson et al., and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) by Busby et al. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were checked and confirmed prior to model testing. Findings: The results revealed a significant direct effect of resilience on marital quality of life (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), indicating that higher resilience is associated with greater marital quality among married teachers. However, the indirect effect of resilience on marital quality of life through sexual satisfaction was not statistically significant (β = 0.10, p = 0.113), suggesting that sexual satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between resilience and marital well-being in this population. Model fit indices confirmed the adequacy of the proposed model (χ²/df = 2.54, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.95, AGFI = 0.93). Conclusion: Resilience plays a crucial and independent role in enhancing marital quality of life among married teachers, while sexual satisfaction, despite its overall importance, does not serve as a mediating factor in this relationship. The findings underscore the importance of psychological strengths in marital dynamics and suggest the need for interventions that enhance resilience to promote relational well-being, especially in high-stress professional contexts.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and maternal quality of life, considering the mediating roles of marital conflict and mother-child conflict. Methods: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consists of all mothers of elementary school children in Rasht city during the 2019-2020 academic year. Using convenience sampling, 160 mothers were selected. The World Health Organization Quality of Life – Short Form (1996), the Child Symptom Inventory (Parent Form) by Sprafkin, Lani, and Gadow (1994), the Marital Conflict Questionnaire by Barati and Sanaei (2000), and the Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Scale (1994) were utilized. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings: The results indicated that child ADHD symptoms alone do not have a significant relationship with maternal quality of life (P > 0.05). However, marital conflict has a significant negative relationship with quality of life (P < 0.05), and mother-child conflict also has a significant negative relationship with quality of life (P < 0.05). Furthermore, marital conflict and mother-child conflict mediate the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and maternal quality of life (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the presence of child ADHD symptoms, when combined with the mediating factors of marital conflict and mother-child conflict, negatively impacts maternal quality of life. Additionally, both marital conflict and mother-child conflict directly negatively affect maternal quality of life.

Objective: This study aimed to predict the tendency towards divorce in couples involved in infidelity based on marital intimacy and satisfaction, mediated by ethical orientation styles. Method: The research method was correlational, involving a statistical population of couples seeking counseling in districts one and two of Tehran in 2021. The sample size was 250 individuals of both genders, selected through random quota sampling. Data collection tools included: the Tendency Towards Divorce Scale by Rusbult, Johnson, & Morrow (1986), the Infidelity Scale by Yeni Seri & Kokdemir (2006), the Marital Intimacy Scale by Bagarozzi (2001), the Marital Satisfaction Scale by Enrich (1995), and the Ethical Orientation Styles Scale by Haidt & Graham (2007). Data analysis methods used descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, and PLS3 SMART software. Findings: The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between marital intimacy and the tendency towards divorce among couples involved in infidelity. There was also a negative relationship between marital satisfaction and the tendency towards divorce in these couples. Marital intimacy and satisfaction could predict the tendency towards divorce mediated by ethical orientation styles. Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between marital satisfaction and intimacy with ethical orientation styles, with ethical orientation styles mediating the relationship between these variables and the tendency towards divorce. Conclusions: This relationship intensifies when mediated by ethical orientation styles. Thus, with an increase in marital satisfaction, the tendency towards divorce due to infidelity decreases. This justifies the use of interventionist approaches to strengthen marital satisfaction to reduce the tendency towards divorce due to infidelity.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of life skills training on distress tolerance, psychological adaptation, and high-risk behaviors among incarcerated women. Methods: This was an applied, experimental study. The study population consisted of incarcerated women in Kerman Central Prison in 2022. Sixty participants exhibiting high-risk behaviors were randomly assigned into an experimental group (30 women) and a control group (30 women). The experimental group received the World Health Organization's (WHO, 1998) ten-session life skills training program, each lasting 90 minutes, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Both groups were assessed using the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), the Derogatis Psychological Adaptation Scale (1986), and the Rajaee and Shafiei High-Risk Behavior Questionnaire (2011) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS software. Findings: Results indicated that life skills training significantly impacted distress tolerance, psychological adaptation, and high-risk behaviors in incarcerated women (p < .01). Conclusion: Life skills training can be effectively utilized to enhance distress tolerance and psychological adaptation, and to reduce high-risk behaviors.

Aim: Marriage is a social institution that forms the foundation of relationships and creates family units. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of transactional analysis on marital quality and positive thinking of married women in District 6 of Tehran in 2020. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted with a pretest-posttest design and included a control group. Among the married women in the 6th district of Tehran who had enrolled in the Institute of Transactional Analysis Training, 34 individuals were selected using Purposive sampling, with 17 randomly assigned to the experimental group and 17 to the control group. The marital quality and positive thinking questionnaires were administered to subjects in the experimental group during the pretest phase, followed by implementing the independent variable (transactional analysis) in the experimental group through 9 three-hour sessions. The control group did not receive any training. After the final session, both groups completed the marital quality and positive thinking questionnaires in the post-test phase. The SPSS 19 software was utilized to conduct the covariance analysis test to analyze the data. Results: The value of F indicates the effect of transactional analysis training on marital quality (F=533.862; P=0.017), and positive thinking (F=14.67; P=0.001) demonstrates the impact of transactional analysis training on positive thinking and marital quality is confirmed after controlling for pretest effects and nuisance variables. Conclusion:This study reveals that transactional analysis impacts marital quality and positive thinking of married women. One of the most crucial functions of training is the ability to express one's needs to the spouse, leading to improvement in marital quality, specifically by reducing stress and anger. Additionally, by helping individuals identify and manage their emotions, transactional analysis training can help control negative emotions and improve their overall outlook, increasing positive thinking. This positive thinking, achieved through transactional analysis training, can improve individuals' mental and emotional well-being and reconstruct their damaged spirits.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice Method in enhancing marital stability and emotional expressiveness among engaged couples. Methods and Materials: A randomized controlled trial design was used involving 30 participants recruited from premarital counseling centers in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15), which received a ten-session premarital education program, and a control group (n = 15), which received no intervention during the study period. The intervention was delivered in weekly 60-minute group sessions focusing on interpersonal awareness, emotional literacy, and decision-making in romantic relationships. Standardized instruments were used to measure marital stability and emotional expressiveness at three time points: pretest, posttest, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS-27 to assess within-group and between-group differences over time. Findings: Results indicated a significant interaction effect between time and group for marital stability (F(2, 56) = 14.72, p < 0.001, η² = 0.34), with the experimental group showing greater improvements compared to the control group. Similarly, emotional expressiveness demonstrated a significant group-by-time interaction (F(2, 56) = 17.59, p < 0.001, η² = 0.38), with post-hoc comparisons revealing that the experimental group had significantly higher scores at both posttest and follow-up phases. All assumptions for repeated measures ANOVA were confirmed prior to analysis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice Method is an effective intervention for promoting emotional expressiveness and marital stability among engaged individuals. These results highlight the value of incorporating structured emotional and interpersonal training into premarital counseling services to support relationship resilience and long-term satisfaction. Keywords: Premarital education, interpersonal awareness, emotional expressiveness, marital stability.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a specialized package for women with body dysmorphic disorder and schema therapy on perfectionism and maladaptive schemas in women afflicted with body dysmorphic disorder. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases involving two experimental groups and one control group, conducted among women with body dysmorphic disorder visiting psychological centers in Isfahan in the first half of 2022. For this purpose, 45 women were selected by convenience and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group received the specialized package for women with body dysmorphic disorder (researcher-designed), and the second experimental group underwent schema therapy according to the protocol of Young and colleagues (2023) over ten 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Participants completed the Perfectionism Questionnaire (1995) and Young's Schema Questionnaire (1998) at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS software. Findings: There were significant differences between the groups receiving the specialized package and schema therapy and the control group in terms of negative perfectionism and rejection schemas (p < .01). Additionally, there were differences between the group receiving the specialized package and the schema therapy group in terms of positive perfectionism, autonomy schemas, impaired performance, and impaired limits (p < .01), such that the specialized package had an effect on positive perfectionism, and schema therapy had an impact on autonomy schemas, impaired performance, and impaired limits (p < .05). Moreover, neither treatment had an effect on schemas of other-directedness and hypervigilance. Conclusion: Specialists are recommended to utilize both interventions to improve women with body dysmorphic disorder in terms of reducing negative perfectionism and rejection schemas, to use the specialized package for enhancing positive perfectionism, and to employ schema therapy for reducing autonomy schemas and impaired functioning and limits.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to predict psychological pain based on emotional expression with the mediation of fear of intimacy in girls with emotional breakup experience. Methods: The research design was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included girls aged 20 to 35 with emotional breakup experience in Tehran in 2020, of whom 392 were selected using the convenience sampling method. They responded to the Auerbach and Mikulincer (2003) Mental Pain Questionnaire, the King and Emmons (1990) Emotional Expression Questionnaire, and the Descutner and Thelen (1991) Fear of Intimacy Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equations and SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The findings showed that the direct path coefficient of fear of intimacy (ß = 0.15, p < 0.01) to psychological pain was positive and significant, but the path coefficients of the types of emotional expression to psychological pain were not significant (p > 0.05). The direct path coefficients of positive emotional expression (ß = -0.10, p < 0.05) and expression of intimacy (ß = -0.15, p < 0.01) to fear of intimacy were negative and significant, while the path coefficient of negative emotional expression (ß = 0.15, p < 0.01) to fear of intimacy was positive and significant. The indirect path coefficients of the types of emotional expression to psychological pain in girls with emotional breakup experience through fear of intimacy were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that although fear of intimacy neutralized the effects of different types of emotional expression on psychological pain in girls with emotional breakup experience, it did not mediate the relationship between the types of emotional expression.