درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: Citizenship education system in any country is influenced by a set of cultural, social, economic and infrastructural factors, each of which, in turn, plays a vital role in shaping and using electronic services. It is also one of the most comprehensive topics in e-government projects for educating the citizenry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of higher education institutions in education development and awareness of electronic services in citizens of Gorgan, Iran. Materials and method: For this purpose, the research method was descriptive-survey of the applied type. Questionnaires have been used to collect data. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the significance was reached to 99% among the factors influencing the increase of citizens' awareness and education in using electronic services among citizens of Gorgan, Iran in all indicators. Discussion: Also, using the VIKOR model, it was found that Golestan universities of agriculture and natural resources had the most impact among other higher education institutions to educate citizens about the use of electronic services. Finally, practical proposals have been made to increase the relationship between higher education institutions and citizens in the use of e-services.

The structure of socio-culture encouraged the following study to investigate the ways participation in collaborative learning tasks can have an effect on the overall English proficiency of EFL students’ academic achievement. The learners’ engagement in learning and collaboration with others for achieving their goals often happen in participatory approach to second language teaching and learning (Cobb, 1994; Greeno, 1998). In a same way, collaborative learning plays a good role in increasing learners’ interdependence (Bruffee, 1999), responsibility (Totten, Sills, Digby, & Russ, 1991), interpersonal skills (Rymes, 1997), and cognitive and critical thinking skills (Johnson & Johnson, 1986). Therefore, both the control and study group were randomly selected from 60 Iranian EFL learners of two intact classes. The first group which was the control group was exposed to regular teaching process through the conventional book-based method. While, in experimental group activities such as role play, problem solving, group work and collaborative tasks in the classroom instruction were mostly used. Accordingly, scores on the IELTS posttest in both groups improved but, the statistics of their overall performance showed that there is no significant difference. However, separate skills on the IELTS exam needed some analyses the result of which contended that the scores of experimental group on the speaking skill was significantly higher. Clearly, the scores on the vocabulary and grammar posttest in experimental group were significantly higher. In conclusion, higher mean scores indicate that EFL learners’ vocabulary and grammar learning will be facilitated through both participatory approach and collaborative activities. In fact, the more interactions among learners in classroom activities are used, improvement of speaking skills can be encouraged. As the results of the students’ and teachers’ interview revealed, both students and teachers’ attitudes towards participatory approach were positive and were also highly inclined to receive such tasks and activities in future

The legislator has adopted a policy of repression and aggravation of punishment in drug offenses. Undoubtedly, the legislator has adopted such measures due to the obscenity and severity of these crimes, as well as their danger to society. However, it seems that this penal policy is not useful for many reasons and does not move the legislator toward its goal (prevention of crime, recidivism, and reform of the offenders); It is probably due to the fact that imposing heavy punishments is reasonable and correct regardless of the causes and factors of the crime, as well as the circumstances in which the person committed the crime. The thing that prevents offenders and people from committing or repeating offenses is the speed and precision of executing the punishment, not the heavy ones. Hence, with regard to the shortcomings of this policy and the weakness of the deterrent theory against social, economic, cultural, and political crime factors at some periods of time, and in particular recently, the legislator has tried to moderate its penal policy. In 2017, an article was added to the Counter-Drug Law to undergo a fundamental change, including the significant reduction in cases of execution and life imprisonment. The moderation of penal policy against drug and psychotropic crimes plays a major role in the elimination of death sentences from the Iranian criminal justice system and promotes human rights status of Iran in the international community. This moderation is originated from the post-revolutionary criminal sociological study as well as internal and external criticisms of strict penal policy; internal criticism was from jurisprudential, legal, human rights, criminology, and criminal sociology circles.

Purpose: In participatory approach to second language teaching and learning, students actively engage in their own learning process and collaborate with others (Cobb, 1994; Greeno, 1998) to achieve their goals. Also, collaborative learning has been shown to encourage the growth of student interdependence (Bruffee, 1999), responsibility (Totten, Sills, Digby, & Russ, 1991), interpersonal skills (Rymes, 1997), and cognitive and critical thinking skills (Johnson & Johnson, 1986). Methodology: Adopting a sociocultural perspective, the present study has attempted to explore the attitude of teachers and learners toward the effectiveness of the method. In so doing, 60 Iranian EFL learners from two intact classes participated in the study, in which the learners from the two classes were randomly assigned to one control group and one experimental group. For fourteen sessions, the researcher in the control group class followed her regular teaching practice through the conventional book-based method of conducting an English class. In the experimental group class, however, the researcher adopted the participatory approach tasks and activities, in which she applied various participatory approach-based techniques, activities, role play, and problem solving activities, group work and collaborative tasks in the classroom instruction. Findings: Results of the comparison of the effects of the experimental participatory group and the control conventional group revealed that although the students in both groups improved their scores on the IELTS posttest, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental group’s overall performance and that of the control group. Conclusion: Results of the interview with the students and teachers also revealed that both the students and the teachers had positive attitudes towards implementing the participatory approach and they were willing to use at least some of the tasks and activities in their future courses.

Today, the overcrowding of prison populations has caused serious problems in all societies so that in many ways undermined the correctional and educational achievements. In many countries of the world, the overcrowding population of prisoners has brought nothing except huge costs, an impediment to the public order of the prison, conflict, riot, strike, etc. It has made the authorities to take steps to reduce the prison population. The prison sentence for any form of criminal behavior that is determined arbitrarily neither based on scientific logic nor on the basis of the personality characteristics of individuals and entities of society, on the one hand, causes the increase of the prison population and represents an ugly face of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the world and, on the other hand, causes the family of prisoners to be wandered and overwhelmed by the effects and consequences of this punishment. It is impossible to deny the prison functions because it has punitive and corrective functions so that multiple objectives can be achieved by its implementation. Therefore, it cannot be ignored totally. Imprisonment is still considered as a solution, and if it turns to be a problem in some cases, it is due to other factors and conditions that need to be addressed and improved. If imprisonment is used logically, then it will be effective and will certainly not be problematic. In particular, it should be emphasized that non-criminal solutions and imprisonment alternatives will be effective when it is used in place. Accordingly, the penal policy in post-revolutionary penal law has contributed to the increased prison population by imposing ineffective and prison-based laws in the general section, and also by increasing the criminalization and determination imprisonment as the dominant type of punishment in the section of general laws defining punishment with increasing crime However, following the problems and corruptions as well as the need for resolving this challenge, the legislature took steps to change its legislative penal policy through the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in accordance with the inspirations and solutions of international organizations. It resulted in the reduction of imprisonment and consideration of prison as the last punishment.

Purpose: The present study investigated the psychometric properties of a Persian version self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory in the male and female teachers. Materials & Methods: This study was of a validation type. The participants were 444 teachers selected through a multistage-cluster random sampling among the teachers in high school second period in the city of Bojnord of the 2015-16 years. The three scales administrated in this study were: self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory, self-efficacy Scale and happiness Inventory. A Cronbach’s and test-retest reliability was calculated to examine the reliability of the self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory and to check the validity of the method convergent validity, divergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Findings: The calculated α for the inventory was for self-criticism 0.69 and for and self- reassurance 0.77. Neutralizing dimensions respectively self-criticism and for and self- reassurance examined through correlating it to the self-efficacy scale and happiness Inventory given signification. Using factor exploratory analysis confirmed the two-factor structure. Discussion: The Persian version of the self- reassurance/ self-criticism Inventory seems satisfactory for measuring self- reassurance/ self-criticism symptoms in teacher's samples. Future research is, however, needed to confirm these data in a sample of OCD teacher's.

Purpose: The present study was done to introduce an efficient tool in the field of moral behavior. Material & Method: method of the study was correlational, its approach was test developing and its population was students of Islamic Azad University- Astara and Karaj branches. The study was conducted in three stages according to topic and was sampled in three steps. First, 328 students of Astara university were selected by the multistage sampling, in the second step 42 students of that university were selected by the available method and in the third step 277 students of Karaj university were selected by the multistage sampling. Findings: Data were analyzed by the principal component analysis, Pearson correlational coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis after collecting data by the questionnaire. Three factors structures of the moral behavior styles were extracted using principal component analysis in the first step of the research and named as people-oriented, task-oriented and self-centered. Then, using the Pearson correlational coefficient revealed that scores of the extracted components have acceptable test-retest reliability. In addition to concurrent validity, using confirmatory factor analyzing showed that the three factors structure of the moral behavior styles has acceptable fit whit the collected data, in the third step. Discussion: Totally, in the base of results concluded that three components moral behavior styles inventory has acceptable psychometric properties.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, attachment styles and optimism with mental health and marital satisfaction of couples who refer to Andimeshk counselling centers in the period of 3 months. Material & Method: 15o volunteer couples who were selected by applying multi cluster sampling method. Measurement tools include Emotional intelligence scale (Wang and Lu, 2002) Adult attachment scale (Collins and Reid, 1990) Optimism inventory of couples (Rajabi, 2002) Goldberg’s general health questionnaire (1989) and marital satisfaction scale (sanaee, 2001) were applied to measure variables. Findings: The data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and step by step regression. Results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between emotional intelligence, Adult attachment scale, Optimism, general and marital satisfaction. results of regression analysis show that emotional intelligence, Adult attachment scale, Optimism, general health can predict marital satisfaction significantly Discussion: finding reveals for finding marital satisfaction couples should be able to emotionally

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between smart talent management and meritocracy in order to provide the expressive characteristics of the selection, appointment and maintenance of managers. Methodology: The research method is descriptive survey and the required information has been collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity has been determined from the available resources and through expert opinion and its reliability has been determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (.882). The statistical population of the present study includes the associate professor faculty members and higher rankings and staffs having MA and higher degrees, i.e. a total of 1,200 people. Sampling method is stratified random sampling through which 291 people are selected as the statistical sample. Findings: Findings of exploratory factor analysis show that strategy, attraction, evaluation and discovery of talents are the main components of talent management, and organizational learning, knowledge expansion and sharing are the main components of knowledge management. Among the 13 dimensions of talent management, the development of talent with a standard coefficient (.90) and preservation of talent with a standard coefficient (.88) are the most effective ones, respectively. Discussion: Among the 13 dimensions of knowledge management, expansion and sharing with a standard coefficient (.95) and organizational learning with a standard coefficient (.88) are the most effective ones, respectively. Also, confirmatory factor analysis confirms the relationship between smart talent and meritocracy with a standard coefficient (1.06), and test statistics has evaluated the severity (correlation coefficient) of this relationship (.299).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the modeling of HRM and ethics management by solving the crisis in media organizations. Methodology: The statistical population of the present study was all managers of media organizations in 2016, 120 of them were selected as sample in a targeted sampling method (79 male managers and 41 female ones). In this research, organizational agility questionnaire, Organizational Ethics Questionnaire (CEP) and Organizational Conflict Questionnaire were used to collect data on factors affecting agility. The conceptual model of the research was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings: The findings of the path analysis indicated that the model has a suitable fitting and all factor loads of markers on the variable are significant on the organizational agility variable and all direct path coefficients of the model are significant at alpha level 0.01. According to these results, organizational agility with impact factor (beta) 0.29 affects ethics management. Finally, ethics management with a coefficient of effect (beta) 0. 67 affects the resolution of the media organizations' crisis. Discussion: Ethics management is able to mediate organizational agility and solve the crisis of media organizations. Organizational agility with an impact on ethics management is capable of indirectly affecting the resolution of the media organizations' crisis. Therefore, attention to learning agility and attention to ethics management in organizations can be one of the main strategies for managing crisis management in organizations.

Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to effect of multimedia applications and e-learning on the quality of teaching of faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran province. Methodology: The population of the study was all 1532 faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran. which 210 persons were randomly selected from by category random sampling method based on Kerjeci &Morgan table. The measurement tool included researcher made questionnaire in two parts of Multimedia programs and e-learning with 38 questions and 40 questions of teaching quality. Face and content validity of the tool was confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated 0/93 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Frequency, mean indicators and standard deviation reports were studied to analyze data in descriptive statistics. The central limit theorem and Smirnov & Kolmogorov test with z approximation were used to determine the appropriate statistical methods in the inferential section and parametric methods were used for data analysis. One-sample t-test was used to achieve the objectives of the research in studding the status of indicators and also independent t-test and ANOVA were used in intra group’s comparisons. Because of the researcher made survey instrument, in addition to the calculation of Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory and confirmatory analysis was done based on the defined components. Findings: Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between the study variables, as well as Bivariate linear regression analysis was performed in order to study the sixth question of the research. SPSS 22 software and LISREL 8.5 were used for data analysis. The results showed that: the quality of teaching and its components, and multimedia programs and e-learning and its components in Islamic Azad University units are at a higher level than average. Discussion: And all Pearson correlation values between independent variables of e-learning and its components and multimedia programs and the quality of teaching dependent variables and its dimentions is significant and direction of these relationships is positive.

Purpose: The current study was conducted to discover the possible relationship between self-esteem and the productive skills of EFL learners in Iran across genders. Methodology: The design of the study was ex post facto or correlational design. Three instruments were used for data collection in the present study. A language proficiency test (Oxford Placement Test (OPT)) to measure the participants’ proficiency level, Cooper smith Self-Esteem Inventory and finally two tests of speaking and writing adopted from Preliminary English Test (PET). To begin the study, with the purpose of clearing the language proficiency level of the learners, the researchers gave all learners a language proficiency test in Payame Noor University in Tabriz. After the test, 52 candidates whose test scores were between one SD below and above the mean finally were selected as the homogeneous sample for further data collection. Then some parts of the data were collected by Copper smith's self-esteem questionnaire to find out the participants’ self-esteem. Finally the last part of the data which was the participants’ productive skills was gathered by two tests of speaking and writing adopted from PET. To test all the research hypotheses in the current study, the researchers run Pearson correlation analysis as the chief statistical analysis. Findings: The results indicated that, there was significant relationship between the self-esteem and productive skills of the learners in both genders. Conclusion: feelings of competence, confidence and good directedness influence learners’ performance. It means that, self-esteem could have a significant impact on the learners’ learning processes.

Purpose: The present article studies the issue of nationality in Iran’s law and then analyze the conflict of nationality and seeks for international solutions. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: A positive conflict of nationality laws occurs when a person has two nationalities at the same time, and a negative conflict of nationality happens when no state treats a person as its own national. As a solution to the positive conflict of laws, the Iranian government states that a person who acquires a new nationality without the permission of the government is recognized as Iranian national, and he will be recognized as a foreigner if the request for foreign nationality is accepted. However, they have retained the right to withdraw the nationality of their own state if they have acquired a foreign nationality without the permission of the government. Conclusion: In the context of the negative conflict of nationality, the Iranian governments, under the title of repayment, granted the right to their former national to return to their primary nationality. Regarding the positive conflict of nationality, Iran and the majority of international tribunals consider that the person is a national of the state whose nationality is dominant and effective.

Purpose: The present study aimed to discuss the effectiveness of mindfulness training method on male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. Methodology: The present study method of data collection was descriptive and correlational method. The statestical population consists of all male students in secondary schools of Qouchan city in academic year of 96-97. The studied sample includes 30 members , who were selected from the intended population employing multicluster sampling method and were randomly substituted in a experimental group (15 members) and control group (15 members). Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness training influenced male students’ self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs. Descriptive results indicated that the average scores of pretest and posttest for variables of self-efficacy and intelligence beliefs was not different. Also the results of effect tests among subjects which were conducted by covariance method, indicated that scores of intelligence beliefs and self-efficacy in test group was higher than control group. Discussion: It deserves that teachers and educators provide more and better opportunities for learning, by preparing appropriate conditions for self-efficacy growth and extrinsic intelligence beliefs increase, by mindfulness training method.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was Presentation of Competency Model Needed by Elementary Education Graduates of Farhangian University based on the theory Deliberative Inquiry. The method of qualitative research, type of phenomenology and content analysis, was a statistical society of faculty members in the field of curriculum and all scientific sources and documents. Method: The semi-structured interview data collection method and the use of checklist and encoding were used. Also, for interpreting the data, an interpretative analysis method was used. Findings: The results of the research show that the experts of the curriculum have considered contemplative, developing thinking, arts and aesthetics, perception, problem solving, decision making, skill orientation, and professional development. Conclusion: Accordingly, four main curriculum elements Flexibly, including educational goals, educational content, teaching methods and evaluation, were analyzed and the optimal model of elementary curriculum for teacher students of Farhangian University was designed in 3 main areas of knowledge, attitude and ability (skill), and was evaluated and validated The validation results show that the proposed pattern is relatively favorable.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify factors affecting the design of green technical and vocational curriculum and provide a curriculum design pattern for green technical and vocational education of secondary school in Iran and its validation. Green technical and vocational training relies on issues such as environmental pollution reduction and creation of workforce for clean industries, such as the recycling industry. This type of training is based on the new labor market (green economy) that has been created to address the environmental problems of human industrial life in the present age. Method: In order to achieve the research objective, qualitative research method with an approach to grounded theory has been used. Twenty-five individuals have been selected from among all faculty members and experts in the fields of curriculum and environment through targeted sampling. Analysis of data gathered through open interviews has been done using coding. Findings: In the final analysis, the extracted concepts have been classified into 86 sub-categories and 17 themes or categories. Conclusion: According to the research results, the components that directly affect the implementation of green technical and vocational education curriculum of secondary school are identified and a favorable pattern is presented. Based on this, “design of green technical and vocational curriculum,” as the axial category, is realized based on the context of causal factors of “macro environmental policies,” “relationship with the green labor market linked to the green economy through modular principles” and internship standards through the principles of “teacher participation in the design of green curriculum” and “continuous engagement with scientific and research centers” taking into account “learners’ characteristics” and “professional qualifications required for green employment (as the background of the model).” Therefore, it will lead to the realization of “educational and economic consequences”.

Background: Article 5 Commission of Iran’s Supreme Council for Urban Development and Architecture is a quasi-judicial authority that has a close connection with the rights of citizens. It has composed a part of the claims that most of the related lawsuits are of great importance with great amounts. There is a certain procedure for the authorities, such as the Dispute Resolution Council, which deals with claims under 20 million toman, but unfortunately, for there is no such a procedure for important cases of municipal commissions, including Article 5 Commission. Therefore, according to Article 170 of the Constitution, natural or legal entities may request the annulment of the matter against governmental and municipal regulations in the General Board of the Court. In this respect, the owners whose rights are not observed in accordance with the rules and regulations can complain to the Supreme Council's decisions in the General Board of the Court and thereby request the annulment of the Article 5 Commission’s approvals. Methodology and Objective: In the present article, the authors will review the annulment of the approvals of Article 5 Commission of Iran’s Supreme Council for Urban Development and Architecture by the Administrative Justice Court, using an analytical-descriptive research methodology as a library study through note-making method. Findings and Conclusions: In the review of the annulled approvals, it can be found that failure to observe the proprietary and the acquired rights of individuals established by the Supreme Council and Article 5 Commission during the recent years may lead to the outcome of complaints by the owners and the annulment of approvals. Finally, the annulment of the Article 5 Commission’s approvals by the Administrative Justice Court can be summarized in the following four major factors: 1. The approvals for delegating the authorities of the Article 5 Commission; 2. The approvals contrary to the urban development principles of the Article 5 Commission; 3. The approvals contrary to the Sharia of Islam; 4. The Gratuitous possession Approvals of the Article 5 Commission of Iran’s Supreme Council for Urban Development and Architecture.

Purpose: The research is conducted to provide a model for improving the students' satisfaction from governmental and non-governmental universities in Zanjan province. Methodology: The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) exploratory-confirmatory. The statistical population of this research is of higher education professionals active in governmental and non-governmental universities in the qualitative section. Purposive sampling method by using snowball technique and applying theoretical saturation grounded theory of semi-structured interviews for 20 experts was used. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research included all active students in public universities and nongovernmental universities in the second semester of the academic year 2017-2018. The data collection method of the quantitative section is a researcher-made survey questionnaire. Findings: Final model -which consists of dimensions (educational, research, administrative /financial, welfare, cultural, political, technology, virtual, and international), and 23 components and 70 indices about the field of improvement of the student satisfaction- was confirmed by the results of the research. Conclusion: The results showed that all these factors should be addressed in Improving the Students Satisfaction.