درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

La littérature est la scène de la vie des personnages inventés par l'auteur ou bien celle de la réapparition des mythes qui inspirent depuis l'ère antique les écrivains. Comme les mythes sont les représentants authentiques des caractéristiques de l'homme, ils sont souvent servis comme un trésor unique par les littérateurs. Ainsi, Alexandre Soumet reprend le mythe de Médée dans sa pièce intitulée Norma ou l'infanticide. En fait, malgré la ressemblance de Médée et Norma, elles se révèlent différentes. Cette différence s'éclaire à l'abri d'une étude détaillée de la pièce du XIXe siècle ; l'attitude représentée par les personnages de Soumet envers les situations antiques et l'atmosphère lourde et terrifiante qui règne sur la vie des caractères. Il est clair que les modifications subies par le mythe sont imposées par auteur, mais la réponse aux comment et pourquoi de ces changements ne sera découverte qu'à travers une étude sociologique menée sur Norma de Soumet. En effet, en premier lieu, cette pièce met en scène la situation précaire de la femme et sa liberté étouffée et ensuite, elle présente la majesté royale comme le représentant indéniable de Dieu sur la terre. Cette étude nous conduit à mettre en évidence la liaison étroite de la politique et de la religion au XIXe siècle français.

The purpose of this study is to explore the image of loss in modern American drama in the theme of family. The image of loss prevails the post-war era of American drama in three levels of psychological, physical, and moral space. This image is clearly observable in two of the prominent works of the era, Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Moreover, this image of loss is closely connected with the notion of time. The familial breakdown appears as a sustaining motif that plays a central role in the psychologically shattered personality of the major characters, as a result of the profound changes in the American post-war society and family. World War II was a milestone in the society as a whole, and in the family as a smaller society, and correspondingly among the people as entities which the image of loss seemed inseparable from. American post-War drama fully represents the tough conditions of that era particularly in the themes of familial breakdown and the image of loss.

Shakespeare’s The Tempest is an outstanding theatrical microcosm representing the unavoidably overwhelming Foucauldian power relations in all human civilizations and their intricate interdependency of such power relations with the possession of knowledge and construction of reality. The fictional world of The Tempest is thoroughly endowed with the mechanisms of an intense web of power struggles and domination fixations which typically have been, are, and will be characteristic of any human society throughout history. For the sustenance of such a complex texture of power structures and for the manipulation of the overall balance to the advantage of a specific minority, the pivotal function of a constructed reality is as substantial in the story as the real life. Prospero, the central character, successfully manages to subdue all other dangerous, power-thirsty rivals by making use of his superior knowledge enabling him to shape the subjectivities/beliefs of other characters by different means including language and masquerades in an induced world of realities on the island. Shakespeare’s text can well be drawn on to reveal the stealthy workings of different social, cultural and especially moral institutions in recruiting subjects to their malignant power/knowledge network and duping the individuals with the desired notions produced constantly by the institutional apparatuses leading to the construction of an exploitive ‘truth.’