درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In a wide range of the central boundaries of the Iranian plateau, encompassing an important part of the arid areas in Asia, the phenomenon of desertification is a long his tory. In this arid and waterless expanse, living conditions are fully dependent on access to water due to the supremacy of the Kavirs and deserts. The most important and oldest ways of obtaining water have been Qanat or Kariz (underground water canal). Here, we show that Qanat is one of the most important environmental sustainable tools in the local-regional environments of the Iranian plateau. Qanat improves the unfavorable conditions of the earth and the natural bed of the region along with its path and helps the ecological duration of the environment. At the end of its path, in the place of its rising (emergence), Qanat is regarded as one of the most original factors in shaping, formating, and duration of microclimates. However, in view of the dependency on the biological, economic and occupational (vocational) activities, the presence of Qanat and its entry to the boundary of the flourishing conditions affect the durable formation and shaping social and economic activities in its habitats along with the preparation of the groundwork for durable ecological aspects. As a result, by collecting and classifying library documents through a qualitative analysis, this study tries to present solutions concerning the sustainable use of Qanat at present and in future through the emphasis on the effect of Qanat on various ecological and social aspects of its surrounding environment and the necessity of preservation and revival of this important human innovation as a historical heritage.

Development of science and technology and the growing trend of globalization has pushed the urban communities toward competition on absorbing foreign capitals and construction of macro-scale projects. This competition has affected not only developed countries but also developing countries such as Iran- since it is expected that each urban development will finally result in an increase in the quality of housing environment and suburbs, constructing macro-scale projects will be justified if they lead to increasing the quality of the housing environment and the suburbs. Accordingly, the present study focuses on identifying the effects of Velayat Park (as a mega- project on the quality of the surrounding environment: The indexes of environmental quality were considered using library studies and world literature review. Identification and method of assessing indexes and the satisfaction of the residents. The analysis of the results was carried out using statistical methods of Gama test analysis through SPSS software. 

Various factors affect the degree of mass crime of an environment, including social, economic, and physical factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the physical components of an environment on mass crime rate. In this regard, open spaces between residential complexes were selected as the case studies and based on five outdoor patterns including linear pattern, dispersed pattern and open central courtyard pattern and closed central courtyard pattern, as well as molecular pattern in five residential complexes, was selected in Shiraz city. The analytical tool in this research is syntactic theory, and analyses were carried out using Depthmap software. In this study, four indicators of "physical accessibility", "visual accessibility", "local access" and "universal access" as a research framework were formulated and case studies were analyzed based on them. Finally, an optimal final pattern with the lowest probability of mass crime is presented and the corresponding solutions are explained. The results of the study on the effect of outdoor design on providing space security with regard to the spatial access indicators showed that among the five proposed patterns, the central yard pattern and the closed central courtyard had the largest rate of space security. Other patterns including dispersed, linear and molecular patterns are in the next positions, respectively.

Although a growing body of literature maintains that the construction industry plays a significant role in the economic development world-over, the extent of its regulation may, however, undermine the objectives of sustainable urban development. This study, as a result, investigates the factors influencing quality assurance within the building construction industry in Kenya, a case study of Kisii town. The target population comprised of 7430 residential developments from seven neighbourhoods that were spatially segregated using a high-resolution satellite image. Proportional stratified random sampling was thereafter adopted to select 364 developers through questionnaires. Results indicated that the key factors that undermine the extent of quality assurance within the building construction industry in the study area included failure to obtain a development permit, non-engagement of registered professionals in building design, an inadequate inspection of buildings during construction phases and unauthorized occupation of buildings by developers. The study concludes that despite the existing legal framework, these challenges continue owing to inadequate development control by the County Government of Kisii. This study contributes to the literature on the built environment by demonstrating how factors limiting quality assurance within the construction industry may be statistically analyzed.

A vibrant and commercially active center is often the result of interesting, diverse building styles and or built-forms, pedestrian density along with variety of quality public places where people feel comfortable, spending time and shopping items for domestic and commercial functions in cities like Addis Ababa. The scale and design of buildings, pedestrian density, and other physical characteristics will determine the quality of built form and public spaces and how well they create an attractive and pedestrian friendly and welcoming environment in relation to built-up and pedestrian density.On the other hand, not many studies have been undertaken in relation to the concept and theory of “Pedestrian Density and Quality of Spaces”. This research is aimed to analyze and explore the relationship among urban space quality, pedestrian density and built-form of the city in commercially active centers so as to contribute to a better understanding of the correlation among pedestrian density, built-form and quality of urban space. Hence, the study employed multiple data sources through quantitative and qualitative approaches (Triangulation). Finally, the research ended with arriving at answers for research questions through both statistical and non statistical techniques. The research result has highly addressed and concluded that Pedestrian friendly Streets with pedestrian density thresholds in commercially active built-environments are places that people like walking and want to stay in, with real character and sense of place. It concludes with an overview of emerging thinking/implications where further efforts are required in the future