درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Earnings management has a negative effect on earnings quality and it may weaken validity of financial reports. The main focus of researches about earnings management is why companies manipulate earnings. Pricing power of companies can potentially affect earnings management. Since the relation between product pricing power and earnings management has not been studied in Tehran Stock Exchange, this research tries to find a relation between product pricing power and earnings management and a relation between existing competition in industries and earnings management in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results show that there is not a significant relation between pricing power and earnings management. This is due to the mandatory nature of rules and regulations of product pricing in many internal industries. Also, those companies in more competitive industries may manage earnings in order to limit their competitors in obtaining precise information. The results of the present research show that there is a significant relation between existing competition of industries and earnings management in industries such as vehicle & parts, cement, gypsum & lime, chemicals, main metals, tile & ceramic, machinery & equipment, and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, the results from the research model indicate no direct relation between the competitive pressure and earnings management.

Firms have two choices about earning: paying it out as a dividend, or its reinvestment as a retained earning. In a market without any restrictions on trading, rational investors with liquidity needs can choose between dividend and selling stocks at no cost. In this article, the relationship between trading volume, considering free float as liquidity criterion, and the amount of dividend payout is investigated and the firm characteristics including size, profitability and growth opportunities are controlled.The research sample includes 145 firms thatlisted in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2011. The result of the linear regression model shows that the investors in Tehran Stoc k Exchange (TSE) do not consider stock turnover rate as a variable which explains the amount of dividend. Also, the relationship between size and growth opportunities with dividend has not been confirmed; but profitability has a positive significant relationship with dividend. On the other hand, investors in TSE use the profitability as a criterion to determine the dividend.

Banking and insurance industries are the strategic pillars of every country's economy and play a key role in the economy of countries. Without financial and insurance institutions, the financial sector of the country will be no longer effective. Therefore, determining the factors affecting the returns and performance of these institutions seems necessary.  So, in this research, the efficiency and effectiveness of financial and insurance institutions and their influential factors in 18 banks and listed insurance companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were studied. To do this, the data of selected financial and insurance institutions during the period of 2009-2016 were extracted using Rahavard Novin softwareand the model was estimated using the data panel method and Eviews9.0. Before estimating the model, using the unitroot test of the Dickey Fuller, the variables stationary property were checked and confirmed,and the Jarque-Bera testwas approved for the normal distribution of variables. The results of the model estimation showed that at a significant level of 5%, the size of financial and insurance institutions, financial leverage, and the concentration ratio on their performance and returns had a positive effect, and this effect was statistically significant at 5% significancy. Also, credit risk has a negative effect on the performance and returns of these institutions and this effect is statistically significant at 5% significancy. The effect of the volume of state ownership on the performance and returns of financial and insurance institutions is negative, but this effect is not statistically significant for the returns of these institutions.