درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The conclusion of any contract aims at implementation of the obligations arising from it. Morality dictates that people adhere to what they assumed regarding others. The law also supported the moral judgment and in case of breach of obligations to oblige, compensation as a sanction is imposed on obligor. In view of the economic analysis, he also committed to respect his contract and the Contract shall be performed contrary to the intention of breaching party, and on both sides the effectiveness is motivated to build trust and to maximize contract efficiency. Typically there are two basic solutions in compensation for breach of contract. First, the obligation of obligator to perform obligation, secondly, payment of damages for non-performance, either by the parties in the form of penalty clause or by the court to refer the matter to the expert identified and they are required to pay it. In choosing one of these, economic perspective considers the economic benefits of each of these two solutions. If so economic benefit in cases where subjective commitment and intellectual damage on the implementation of the commitment, as compensation for these losses not compensated correctly, and basically cannot be estimated. In second view, sentence in view of the compensation usually refers to material damages or economic damages, in such cases compensation for losses caused to the obligee can be compensated better and more efficient method is considered. Finally, it must be borne in mind that the purpose of signing the contract because is its implementation and in cases where the performance of contractual obligations under changed circumstances faced hardships, the elimination of obstacles to the implementation of the contract will be resolved, it seems to modify the contract as a mechanism for the implementation of the contract must be considered unless they agreed to be imposed on them by law or judicial authority. In this case, unless the modification is done by mutual consent, it is modification by legal and judicial means economically, we'll see how the parties to the agreement have wanted to do risk allocation or choose the more efficient ones, that is, which party can a lower cost can bear the risk of changing circumstances and consider same party responsible for it.

Urban farms can have the potential to have a great impact on the stability of crowded cities. The purpose of the present study is discovering the effective design-based components in developing urban agriculture in the viewpoint of Tehran’s urban managers. It is assumed that the design-based development of urban agriculture improves economic conditions and also food security for Tehran’s citizens. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this research. In the qualitative section of the research, analysis of the influential factors was carried out. Then in order to assess the credibility of the obtained data and obtaining the opinions of the managers, the Delphi method was used. Afterwards, their opinions were gauged and categorized using Shannon’s Entropy. The statistical population in this study consisted of 71 city managers and the consultants on designing city spaces who had over 10 years of experience on the job. Quantitative analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS 22 statistical software. The results showed that establishing and developing design-based urban farming could lead to elevated qualities of environment, food security and economic well-being more than any other factor.

Learning is a new paradigm that is introduced in today's organizations. The purpose of this study is to determine learning contingency model from the mistakes using TOPSIS. Variables were identified using the Delphi technique. The samples of this study were consisted 30 public administrators in Iran. The results show which factors have the greatest impact and which causes the least impact on learning from mistakes in public sector of Iran.

Youth participation in planning and design process in their living environments is an important issue that has significant impact on young participants, the community, spaces and places where they live. So, using their participation in the evaluation of youth friendly environmental quality indicators can lead to the creation of desirable urban spaces for them. After developing indicators on the basis of theoretical foundations of adolescent-friendly environments, this study attempts, to assess the importance of the indicators from 15 to 18-year-old adolescents’ view in making an ideal city, in Rasht Golsar district and to find that to what extent their living environments have been successful in meeting these measures. Research method, has been descriptive-analytic and theoretical foundations through library and teenagers’ view analysis with a combination approach was carried out through two questionnaires, focus group discussions and map anchored interviews. For this purpose, quantitative data analysis software method Excel and Spss and qualitative data analysis was conducted using content analysis. The results show that the studied indicators are very important for teens and most of these indicators has no place in their living environments.