درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Many L2 teachers baffle when it comes to classroom participation scoring(CPS) of their students. Through a researcher-made questionnaire, this study explored EFL teachers' perceptions of classroom participation scoring(CPS) in Iranian private language schools. Moreover, it investigated the participants' views on a newly-developed objective and analytic rubric as part of this study for CPS. To this end, 120 EFL teachers completed the questionnaire on the typical CPS framework they used in English classrooms. Detailed analysis of teachers' perceptions of CPS  indicated that most Iranian EFL teachers used holistic and subjective CPS approach and had little knowledge of the objective methods of CPS. After having been introduced to the proposed analytic CPS rubric, the participating teachers showed a positive attitude to the rubric and reported the rubric's applicability and flexibility in assessing EFL learners' classroom participation. The findings suggest adopting more objective assessment rubrics for  CPS.

With the increasing importance of Language Assessment Literacy in recent years, identifying the assessment literacy components in different contexts becomes essential to ensure that language teacher professional development is on the right path, thus providing students with proper evaluation. This paper describes a research project in which an adapted version of Fulcher's (2012) Language Assessment Literacy Survey was delivered via the Internet in an attempt to characterize the levels of assessment knowledge of English language teachers in Syria. Three hundred and thirty Syrian English language teachers participated in the study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the data obtained from the constructed-response item, and qualitative data analysis procedures were applied to the open-response items. The results indicated that Language Assessment Literacy in the Syrian context mainly comprises four factors: social impact of tests; test prepping and administration; test design, development, and interpretation; and evaluating language tests. On the other hand, the content analysis applied to the responses given by Syrian English teachers to the open-response questions indicated failings in both theoretical and practical assessment literacy in Syria's education scene, particularly the former, calling for an immediate change in teachers' preparatory courses in Syria. It is hoped that the study results can help language teacher education programs specify EFL teachers' academic assessment goals and enhance the nature of future language assessment programs, particularly in Syria; it can further provide a basis for comparison with other contexts and countries, thus contributing to a cross-cultural understanding of language assessment literacy.

L’hétérolinguisme amène la traduction à son majeur dilemme de refléter l’hétérogénéité ou de l’abandonner afin de présenter un texte homogène. Cet article propose d’examiner la question de la traduction de l’hétérolinguisme à travers un regard contextuel porté sur la dimension hétérolingue de Parce que je t’aime et La fille de Brooklyn de Guillaume Musso et la traduction en persan de ces deux œuvres. Dans cette optique, après un bref aperçu théorique sur les motivations de l’hétérolinguisme, ses représentations ainsi que sa traduction, nous procéderons, dans un premier temps, à une analyse textuelle visant à observer la place , la fonction et les modalités de l’apparition de l’hétérolinguisme dans Parce que je t’aime et La fille de Brooklyn ; et puis, nous nous pencherons sur la problématique de la traduction de l’hétérolinguisme pour savoir comment et à quel degré l’hétérolinguisme présent au sein de ces deux œuvres est assumé dans les traductions en persan.

Responsibility has always been one of the major concerns of teachers and those who are involved in the teaching-learning process. This is the way, since, if the sense of responsibility is improved and maintained in teachers, almost any other aspect of the teaching and learning environment would be considered safe. Therefore, the researchers tried to look for the possible relation between language teachers’ sense of responsibility and their professional identity. Thus, a group of 100 EFL teachers from language schools and different universities took part in the study. Two questionnaires that were previously proved to be valid and reliable were used as the instruments in this study. Regression was applied for the analysis of the data and the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ professional identity and their responsibility. More specifically, it was revealed that there was a strong and positive relationship between teachers’ responsibility and motivation as one of the indicators of teachers’ professional sense of identity.

Learners’ attitudes towards learning have been found to influence second language (L2) development. It has been suggested that affective factors such as first language (L1) reading attitude can be transferred to the L2 along with L1 skills. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts, research has shown that the role that reading attitude plays in reading comprehension is as important as the nature of the reading strategies used. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the relationship between L1 and L2 reading attitudes in EFL contexts and evaluate how demographic and cognitive variables can mediate that relationship. To this end, the present quantitative study sought to contribute to this area by investigating the relationship between L1 and L2 reading attitudes in 65 EFL elementary school learners and by assessing the impact of gender, age, and L2 proficiency on these attitudes. Main results revealed that age and L2 proficiency did not correlate with either L1 or L2 reading attitude components, L1 and L2 reading attitudes correlated weakly, and older female learners displayed stronger attitudes toward L1 reading recreational aspects. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of affective components in understanding L1 and L2 reading attitudes.

This study is conducted to reveal the types of mood, speech function realizations, and the persuasion strategies applied to Donald Trump’s clauses in his three remarks regarding the issue of COVID-19. Discourse analysis is applied to analyze the data. The applied mood types and speech function realizations are then correlated with Cialdini's principles of persuasion to see the persuasion principles applied in the three remarks. The results show that the President's three remarks are dominated by declarative mood with three most frequently used speech functions: statements of fact, statements of opinion, and statements of the assertion. In terms of Cialdini's persuasion principles, the speaker uses all of the six principles in his three remarks, except the principle of preference employed only in the third remark. The other five principles, namely authority, consistency, social-evidence, reciprocity, and rareness/scarcity, are contained in the three remarks with their persuasive purposes. In Cialdini's persuasion principles, the clauses used by President Trump reveals the strategies of taking advantage of his powerful authority in his remarks, showing his consistency while delivering the remarks, expressing his best efforts for his inhabitants, and showing successful evidence in overcoming the pandemic compared with other countries’ endeavors.

Le fait qu’au contraire du persan le français est une langue genrée implique des problèmes pour la traduction automatique des pronoms sujets de 3 e personne depuis le persan vers le français. Dans la présente étude, nous voudrions vérifier l’accord des pronoms sujets de 3 e personne dans le système de traduction en ligne de Google Translate persan-français de 50 extraits tirés d’ une collection d’écrits de Sadegh Hedayat , choisis et compilés par Mohammad Baharlou (1994). Notre objectif principal est de savoir à quel point la traduction automatique des pronoms sujets de 3 e personne offerte par Google Translate est correcte ou incorrecte, et aussi quelles sont les raisons pour les traductions erronées ; nous supposons que le phénomène de pro-drop et l’ellipse linguistique des pronoms en persan ainsi que le manque de traduction interphrastique aux systèmes de traduction automatique impactent la qualité de traduction des pronoms étudiés. Par conséquent, nous allons mener une recherche basée sur l’analyse statistique-descriptive des données en nous appuyant sur la théorie du Liage chomskyienne. D’après les résultats obtenus, Google a traduit ces pronoms avec 44% de précision (y compris des pronoms bien traduits (40%) et certains pronoms non traduits (4%)); en effet, il a offert une traduction correcte dans les cas où l’antécédent était dans la même phrase que le pronom, ou s’il se plaçait dans la phrase précédant celle du pronom, il était traduit par un syntagme nominal masculin. 

Considering one of the earliest calls for applying pragmatics in the second language, Kasper and Rose’s (2002) study “Is Pragmatic Teachable?”, pragmatic features have been analyzed during the last 20 years in EFL/ESL contexts. The amalgamation of studies has been conducted on many speech acts around the world within the two decades, among which apology is considered as the second most-appreciated speech act in Iran. The aim of the current meta-analysis is twofold: first, to unravel the overall effectiveness of the instruction in an Iranian EFL context on the speech act of apology, and second, to explore whether treatment types and research designs moderate this effectiveness. To this end, out of a total number of 31 studies, 12 papers were chosen based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, which were coded for the analysis. The results of the study revealed that the instruction of apology is effective for this speech act, and it documented a medium effect size. Furthermore, it was found that research design is a good predictor for this effectiveness, and the quasi-experimental group displayed a large (g = 2.39) and positive effect. Although treatment types (e.g., explicit & non-explicit) produced medium and large effect sizes, they are not a suitable predictor for the overall effectiveness of instruction on the aforementioned speech act. The study concludes with pedagogical implications and suggestions for future studies.