Journal of preventive Counselling (JPC)

Speaking is one of those stress-prone areas in learning and teaching a foreign language, and speaking anxiety is influenced by a host of factors. This study explored the predictor roles of age, self-efficacy, and teaching experience of Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers on their speaking anxiety. Furthermore, it examined the relationship between teachers’ gender and their level of self-efficacy and anxiety in speaking English. The participants of the research consisted of 109 male and female Iranian teachers teaching in different language institutes and public schools in three provinces of Iran. The Teacher Self-efficacy Scale developed by Bandura (1997) and the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale developed by Bartholomay and Houlihan (2016) were used in this research as the data collection instruments. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (Version 24) using regression and one-way ANOVA. The findings revealed that only self-efficacy was a predictor of speaking anxiety. Moreover, the participants’ level of self-efficacy and speaking anxiety did not change relying on their gender.

This study explored the referential or display questions used in teachers’ scaffolding and investigated if they conform to Initiation-Response-Follow-up model. To do so, 6 teachers in young-adult and 6 in adult department, in each department 3 experienced and 3 inexperienced were analyzed. Being full-time teacher or 3-year period one was considered to distinguish the experienced from inexperienced teachers. Three Reach 2 classes with experienced and 3 with inexperienced teachers in young-adult department, and in adult department, 3 Pre-intermediate 1 classes with experienced and 3 with inexperienced teachers were recorded and analyzed through IRF model. The frequency of referential and display questions and uptakes of scaffolding between teachers were also compared. Results indicated experienced teachers used more display questions in scaffolding adult students, while inexperienced ones preferred referential ones. Conversely, experienced young-adult teachers used more referential questions, and inexperienced counterparts used display questions. Moreover, IRF model was met by referential and display questions in adult classes, while it was violated in young-adult classes. Finally, much of the scaffolding in adult classes was more successful than young-adult classes. This study raises teachers’ awareness toward their choice of questions in the classroom to trigger a genuine interaction and its conforming to IRF framework.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of marital satisfaction and marital intimacy of mothers in predicting anxiety and depression in female student in Zanjan city. This study is considered as a descriptive/correlational research. The statistical population studied in this study were all female high school students in the Zanjan city and their mothers. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, 367 of 8160 people were selected by stratified cluster sampling. To collect data were used from ENRICH: Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) (Olson, 1989), Depression Anxiety Scale 21-Depression Scale, Marital Intimacy Scale, (Walker). Data were analyzed by regression analysis in SPSS 25 software. Inferential analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05. According to the results, the average of marital satisfaction was at the moderate level, marital intimacy and depression and anxiety of children were at a low level. According to the results of stepwise regression, marital satisfaction and intimacy explain 0.42 of the variance of depression and 0.15 of the variance of adolescent anxiety. In general, according to the results of the study, as marital satisfaction and marital intimacy of mothers increase, depression and anxiety of girls decrease.

. The aim of this study was to determine the structural equation model of the effect of mental health on the attitude toward hijab with the role of mediator of psychological capital and adaptability and cohesion of family in Zanjan undergraduate students. The research method was cross-sectional and descriptive and its plan was correlational .The statistical population were all of undergraduate students was Zanjan universities To keep fit of the community, The sample size was 335, of which 220 were female and 115 were male. Data were collected using questionnaires of the General Health Questionnaire (28 questions) Goldenberg (1972), Hijab Khidani Attitude Questionnaire (1394), Olson Family Adaptation and cohesion Assessment Scale (1985), Lutangs Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007). Data were analyzed using SPSS software,. The PLS was used to map structural equations. The results showed that the indirect effect of mental health on the attitude toward hijab and the indirect effect of depression, anxiety, social function and physical symptoms on the attitude toward hijab is significantThe indirect effect of mental health by mediating the psychological capital was not significant to the hijab. The indirect effect of mental health by mediating family correlation was significant on the attitude toward hijab

The purpose of this study was the effect of positive psychology and the being of human from the perspective of Martin Seligman. The research method is archive-based research. The sample of that include all of the human. The findings show that،Psychological phenomena such as happiness, optimism, hope, creativity and self-esteem are the result of positive experiences of the mind. Happiness and inner satisfaction are not the mainstream of psychology in the positive sense. All the clinical efforts of positive psychology focus on increasing psychological well-being and happiness. The result states: People, families, and communities need happy people to flourish.sustainable satisfaction of humans, that is, happiness, good mental state, positive emotions and a series of emotions (especially positive emotions), attitudes (life satisfaction), beliefs (such as the belief that everything is going well) and other mental states. In fact, positive psychology is a scientific study of positive emotions, positive personality traits, and the structures that make this growth. Positive approach claims the positive emotions, abilities and meaning in life.

Schadenfreude is a German word refers to pleasure at the misfortunes of others . Schadenfreude is a response to another’s failure, and is a commonly experienced emotion, facilitated by frequent interpersonal interaction. Schadenfreude is thought to be classified as self-conscious and moral emotion. Researcher s reveals at least three conditions in which it commonly arises. One condition is when observers gain from the misfortune. A second condition when another’s misfortune is deserved. A third condition when a misfortune befalls an envied person .The method of the study is qualitative and is a review study. Population of study is articles in the period 2015 to 2021 and the results of some articles were presented. Results of the researches showed that disliking, deservingless, and malicious envy predicted schadenfreude.and schadenfreude is in relation with some dark traid of personality. The reserchs showed that this emotion can be examined in relation to various psychological variables