درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Today, the overcrowding of prison populations has caused serious problems in all societies so that in many ways undermined the correctional and educational achievements. In many countries of the world, the overcrowding population of prisoners has brought nothing except huge costs, an impediment to the public order of the prison, conflict, riot, strike, etc. It has made the authorities to take steps to reduce the prison population. The prison sentence for any form of criminal behavior that is determined arbitrarily neither based on scientific logic nor on the basis of the personality characteristics of individuals and entities of society, on the one hand, causes the increase of the prison population and represents an ugly face of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the world and, on the other hand, causes the family of prisoners to be wandered and overwhelmed by the effects and consequences of this punishment. It is impossible to deny the prison functions because it has punitive and corrective functions so that multiple objectives can be achieved by its implementation. Therefore, it cannot be ignored totally. Imprisonment is still considered as a solution, and if it turns to be a problem in some cases, it is due to other factors and conditions that need to be addressed and improved. If imprisonment is used logically, then it will be effective and will certainly not be problematic. In particular, it should be emphasized that non-criminal solutions and imprisonment alternatives will be effective when it is used in place. Accordingly, the penal policy in post-revolutionary penal law has contributed to the increased prison population by imposing ineffective and prison-based laws in the general section, and also by increasing the criminalization and determination imprisonment as the dominant type of punishment in the section of general laws defining punishment with increasing crime However, following the problems and corruptions as well as the need for resolving this challenge, the legislature took steps to change its legislative penal policy through the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in accordance with the inspirations and solutions of international organizations. It resulted in the reduction of imprisonment and consideration of prison as the last punishment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organizational maturity on the heads' empowerment (Tehran Municipality). The nature of this research is practical type and the method is quantitative. The population of the study consisted of 872 head s of Tehran municipality in 2018. 400 individuals were selected as the statistical sample using Cochran's formula and relative stratified random sampling. Methodology: In this research, library method and researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. Formal validity, content and structure were used In order to assess the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability were used to calculate the research reliability. Findings: Results indicated that the validity and reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire. The descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution tables and charts) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling), were used to analyze the data using SPSS and LISREL software. Conclusion: The results showed that the organizational maturity factors of municipality head s have a significant effect on the head s' empowerment of Tehran municipality.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between communication skills and life satisfaction among students of Islamic Azad University. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of its aim and a descriptive correlational in terms of its methodology. The research population included 190000 students studying at Islamic Azad University of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by Communication Skills Test-Revise (Queendom, 2004) and Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1991) and analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regressions in SPSS ver.19 software. Findings: The results showed that communication skills and all dimensions including the ability to receive and send message, emotional control, listening skill, insight into the communication process and communication with determination had a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction in students (P<0.01). Communication skills significantly could predict 33.6% and among the dimensions of communication skills, three dimensions of listening skill, communication with determination and the ability to receive and send message together could predict 60.8% of life satisfaction changes in students (P<0.001), but the dimensions of emotional control and insight into the communication process did not enter the equation due to the lack of a significant increase in the amount of prediction (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, communication skills with life satisfaction have a significant relationship and predicted a significant portion of it. Therefore, planning to improve the satisfaction of life in students is essential by increasing their communication skills through workshops.