روابط ساختاری سطوح کمال گرایی با عملکردهای شناختی در افراد دارای نشانه های اختلال وسواسی جبری: نقش میانجی سبک های شناختی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی روابط ساختاری سطوح کمال گرایی با عملکردهای شناختی با واسطه گری سبک های شناختی در افراد با نشانه های اختلال وسواسی جبری بود. جامعه پژوهش حاضر دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز بودند که تعداد 360 نفر نمونه با استفاده از روش هدفمند و از نوع دردسترس انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه های وسواسی اجباری مادزلی، کمال گرایی مثبت و منفی و سبک های یادگیری فلدر سولومان به صورت آنلاین پاسخ دادند. همچنین، سه آزمون ویسکانسین (WCST)، آزمون عملکرد پیوسته (CPT) و آزمون حافظه کاری وکسلر (WMT) به صورت نرم افزار رایانه ای اجرا شدند. نتایج نشان داد سبک شناختی تأملی قادر است روابط بین سطوح کمال گرایی مثبت و منفی با عملکردهای شناختی را میانجی گری کند. سطوح کمال گرایی به طور معنی دار، سبک شناختی تأملی و عملکردهای شناختی را پیش بینی می کنند. درنهایت، سطوح کمال گرایی و سبک شناختی تأملی در تعامل با یکدیگر، عملکردهای شناختی را پیش بینی می کنند و هرگونه مداخله دراین زمینه، باید اثرات تعاملی کمال گرایی و سبک شناختی تأملی را مدنظر قرار دهد.Structural Relations of Perfectionism Levels and Cognitive Performance Among Individuals with Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Styles
The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relations between perfectionism levels and cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder mediated by cognitive styles. The study population included students of University of Tabriz. Using convenience sampling, 360 subjects were selected. They completed Madsley's obsessive-compulsive disorder inventory, positive and negative perfectionism scale, and Felder-Solomon learning styles questionnaire online. Also, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wechsler Working Memory Test (WMT) were performed through computer software. Results showed that reflective cognitive style could mediate the relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive performance. Besides, levels of perfectionism could significantly predict reflective cognitive style and cognitive performance significantly. Hence, it could be concluded that levels of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style in interaction, predict cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was also obtained that interventions in this field should consider the interactive effects of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style.IntrodctionAccording to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is diagnosed with features of obsessions or compulsions (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) and is based on the presence of unwanted and disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) (Sugarman et al., 2017). Studies have shown that OCD is associated with cognitive deficits (Eisen et al., 2006) and the central point of the symptoms of this disorder is the inability to choose the desired stimulus and simultaneously ignore the irrelevant ones.Accordingly, neuropsychological studies indicate that people with OCD have a significant difference with healthy people in executive functions and have a weaker performance. Contradictory results have been obtained regarding the factors involved in the deficiencies related to the cognitive functions of people with OCD. Accordingly, some studies have stated that the main cause of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder is a general deficiency in the ability to selectively pay attention to the relevant stimulus and to inhibit attention to other competing environmental stimuli (De Houwer et al., 2009). These researchers believe that the attentional bias of people with OCD is the result of their excessive sensitivity in detecting threats. On the other hand, in a study by Chamberlain et al (2006) on motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive hair pulling, damage was observed in motor response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Chamberlain et al., 2006).On the other hand, many studies have examined personal features that may facilitate or inhibit the cognitive performance, others have suggested that constructs such as perfectionism may play an effective role in cognitive performance (Davis & NolenHoeksema, 2000; Stoeber & Eysenck, 2008), so that perfectionism, as a person's tendency to have unrealistic standards and extreme self-evaluations, plays an important role in psychological disorders (Rice & Stuart, 2010). On the other hand, in the explanation of cognitive problems in OCD people, some studies have emphasized the role of more fundamental factors, in which the cognitive functions of people with OCD are considered not as a disorder, but as a cognitive approach or style. "Cognitive style" is a component of a person's performance in how s/he solves a problem (Kozhevinkov, 2007) and reveals the organization and psychological framework of that person. There have been no comprehensive studies on the relationship between cognitive styles and cognitive functions. On the whole, in line with the cognitive explanation of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the relationship between levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions with the mediation of reflective cognitive style is not clear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions through the mediation of reflective cognitive style in people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. MethodologyThe study population included University of Tabriz students. Using convenience sampling, 360 subjects were selected and completed Madsley's obsessive-compulsive disorder inventory, positive and negative perfectionism scale, and Felder-Solomon learning styles questionnaire online. Also, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wechsler Working Memory Test (WMT) were performed through computer software. FindingsResults showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive flexibility and a negative and significant relationship between negative perfectionism and cognitive flexibility. Also, a) positive perfectionism and negative perfectionism with memory function; b) reflective cognitive style with negative and positive perfectionism; and c) reflective cognitive style has a significant relationship with memory performance and sustained attention.Reflective cognitive style is able to positively and significantly explain the relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive performance. Discussion and ConclusionThe present study aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions and through the mediation of cognitive styles in people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Accordingly, the first finding showed that reflective cognitive style is able to mediate the relationship between levels of positive perfectionism and cognitive functions. In this regard, we can refer to the opinion of Stuss & Benson (1986) that cognitive performance refers to different abilities such as self-regulation of behavior, working memory, planning and organization skills. Accordingly, Brown (2005) describes cognitive performance as a special set of attention-regulating skills that targets conscious problem solving, which includes cognitive flexibility, working memory and inhibitory control. On the other hand, the role of more fundamental factors has been emphasized in explaining cognitive problems in people with OCD, which cognitive styles are prominent. It seems that people with reflective and impulsive cognitive styles use different methods in cognitive functions. Finding solutions to problems requires a range of cognitive skills, including information interpretation, planning, memory power, controlling results and trying to change results (Cassidy, 2004). Besides, results demonstrated that positive perfectionism can positively explain changes in cognitive performance and negative perfectionism can explain changes in cognitive performance negatively. This result is consistent with the findings of Egan (2005), who stated that one of the factors that could have a positive effect on the promotion of cognitive flexibility processes is positive perfectionism. In fact, perfectionism is a personality trait that makes a person tend to try harder to increase his performance level (Stoeber & Damian, 2014). Regarding the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and cognitive functions, it could be explained based on the opinion of Hollender (1978) that a perfectionist person demands a certain level of activity or is only satisfied with perfection and with a lot of scrutiny looks for the shortcomings and disadvantages of their work.In general, it can be stated that positive perfectionism increases the individual's cognitive performance, and negative perfectionism is associated with an incompatible cognitive and coping style, which is associated with the creation of stressful life events, and this is in the form of pursuing goals. It appears unreal and perpetuates the effects of stressful factors.Hence, it could be concluded that levels of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style in interaction, predict cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and any intervention in this field should consider the interactive effects of these variables.
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