آرشیو

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۸۱

چکیده

مداخله در بازار ارز ابزاری است که توسط مقامات پولی کشورها به منظور مدیریت نوسانات، تأثیرگذاری بر سطوح نرخ ارز یا تعیین سطح مطلوب ذخایر خارجی بانک های مرکزی استفاده می شود. بر این اساس، در بسیاری از کشورها به ویژه اقتصادهای در حال ظهور و درحال توسعه، بانک های مرکزی به دقت تحولات بازار ارز را رصد نموده و در مواقع لزوم، به طور مستقیم و با خرید و فروش ارز خارجی در بازار ارز مداخله می کنند. با این حال، ملاحظات مربوط به مداخلات ارزی در کشورهای مختلف یکسان نبوده و مداخلات در مواردی از قبیل میزان شفافیت، قاعده مندی، اشکال، حوزه اختیارات قانونی و ابزارهای مورد استفاده، تفاوت دارند. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، مقایسه تطبیقی مداخله ارزی در ایران، ترکیه و مکزیک است. بر این اساس، اصلی ترین مفاهیم مربوط به مداخلات ارزی شامل اهداف، روش ها و تاکتیک های مداخلات ارزی بانک های مرکزی ایران، ترکیه و مکزیک مقایسه می شود. علاوه بر این، در این مطالعه برای بررسی و مقایسه رفتار مقامات پولی کشورهای مورد مطالعه، در مواجهه با افزایش نوسانات نرخ ارز با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات معمولی، تابع واکنش بانک مرکزی برای سه کشور برآورد شده است. نتایج این پژوهش، نشان می دهد که مداخلات ارزی در ایران از حیث ویژگی های کلیدی مورد بررسی، با مداخلات ارزی در کشورهای ترکیه و مکزیک متفاوت هستند. همچنین، با توجه به نتیجه برآورد تابع واکنش؛ علاوه بر عملکرد مشابه بانک مرکزی هر سه کشور در رابطه با واکنش سریع به افزایش نوسانات نرخ ارز و نامتقارن بودن رفتار، در هرسه کشور، افزایش نرخ ارز نسبت به کاهش آن، حساسیت بیشتر مقامات پولی را در پی دارد.  

A comparative study of the intervention in foreign exchange markets in Iran, Mexico and Türkiye

The aim of this study is the comparative study of the intervention in foreign exchange markets in Iran, Türkiye and Mexico. Therefore, the goals, methods, and different tactics of the foreign exchange interventions of the central banks are discussed. In addition, in this study, to investigate and compare the behavior of the monetary authorities in the face of increasing exchange rate fluctuations, using the ordinary least squares method, the reaction function of the central bank has been estimated. The results of this research show that the foreign exchange interventions in Iran are different from those of Türkiye and Mexico in terms of the key features investigated. Also, according to the reaction function estimation results, in these countries the increase in the exchange rate leads to more sensitivity of the monetary authorities compared to its decrease. Introduction In this research, by examining the features of foreign exchange interventions, the differences and similarities of this foreign exchange policy are evaluated in Iran, Türkiye, and Mexico. Due to features such as the establishment of a floating currency system, the availability of daily intervention data, and the experience of currency crises, two emerging economies, Mexico and Türkiye, have been chosen to match the characteristics of foreign exchange interventions with interventions in Iran. Methodology First, we examine the general policies and laws of central banks in relation to foreign exchange policies in Türkiye and Iran. Then we have compared Iran, Mexico, and Türkiye's measures related to foreign exchange interventions. Laws, characteristics, reasons, and laws of foreign exchange interventions in Türkiye, Mexico and Iran are evaluated. The results of this research show how the laws, goals, and implementation methods of different foreign exchange interventions in Türkiye, Mexico, and Iran will reflect different reactions of the monetary authority. In this research, the ordinary least squares method is used to estimate the reaction function of the central banks of Iran, Mexico, and Türkiye. We consider the reaction function of the central bank as follows: Rt=c+αet~+β(et~)2+vt In this equation, Rt   is changes in foreign reserves of the central bank and et~  is the nominal exchange rate. Both variables are used with seasonal frequency and also in the form of logarithmic difference. Findings The interventions of Mexico and Türkiye are different from the foreign exchange interventions in Iran in terms of the level of transparency, regularity, sterilization, and the tools used. In addition, some goals affecting the interventions were also different in the three countries. This result shows that among the monetary authorities of all three countries, there is a fear of an increase in the exchange rate, and the foreign exchange interventions of the countries are mainly aimed at reducing the exchange rate. Discussion and Conclusion The results show that the interventions of Mexico and Türkiye are different from the foreign exchange interventions in Iran in terms of the level of transparency, regularity, sterilization and the tools used. In addition, some goals affecting the interventions were also different in the three countries. Also, the results show that the monetary authorities of all three countries are more sensitive to an increase in the exchange rate than to a decrease in the exchange rate.  

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