عوامل مؤثر بر فرآیند انتقال و انتخاب ارزش ها و معنای زندگی از والدین به فرزندان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
سازوکار اثرگذاری والدین بر شکل گیری ارزش ها در فرزندان شامل دو فرآیند است: اول، فرآیند انتقال مفاهیم از سوی والدین به فرزندان و دوم، تصمیم فرزندان در انتخاب محتوای منتقل شده. هدف این پژوهش، واکاوی عوامل مؤثر بر این سازوکار بود. پژوهش حاضر با روش پژوهش کیفی و شیوه پدیدارشناسی تفسیری انجام گرفت. برای جمع آوری داده ها از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده شد و با 10 والد و 9 فرزند از خانواده های ایرانی در سنین آستانه بزرگ سالی[1] مصاحبه به عمل آمد. تحلیل داده ها نیز به روش تفسیری اسمیت انجام شد. در این پژوهش از تحلیل مصاحبه ها سه مضمون اصلی و دوازده مضمون فرعی به دست آمد. مضامین اصلی عبارت بودند از: «انگیزه های موجود در فرآیند انتقال و انتخاب»، «بروز تدریجی تعارضات» و «رابطه والد-فرزندی و بهینه ترشدن فرآیند». با توجه به یافته ها گفته می شود، انگیزه اصلی والدین برای انتقال، محافظت از فرزندان و انگیزه اصلی فرزندان برای انتخاب نیز شکل دادن هویت مستقلشان است و زمانی این فرآیند در حالتی بهینه رخ می دهد که هر دوی این انگیزه ها در بستری از رابطه ای مؤثر به طور کامل موردتوجه و احترام قرار گیرند.Process of transmission and selecting values and meaning of life from parents to children: Affecting factors
The formation of values in children by parents includes two processes; The first is the process of transferring concepts from parents to children, and the second is the process of children's selection of the transferred content. The purpose of this research was to analyze factors affecting this process. The present study was conducted through a qualitative research method along with an interpretative phenomenology one. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with 10 parents and 9 children from Iranian families at the threshold of adulthood [1]. Data analysis was conducted by Smith's interpretation method. In this research, three main themes and twelve sub-themes were obtained from the analyses of the interviews. The main themes were motives in the transfer and selection process, gradual emergence of conflicts and the impact of parent-child relationship on the optimization of the transfer and selection process. According to the findings, it can be said that the main motivation of parents for transferring was to protect their children and the main motivation of children for selection was to form their independent identity. Such process occurs in an optimal state in which both of these motives are in a context of respect and affection. Introduction According to definitions, the value and meaning of the relationship have a close relationship with each other. Values are concepts talking about each person's choice or judgment about behaviors or events (Schwartz, 1998), and the meaning of life. They include three domains : how to understand the world , the purpose of life, and significance of life (Martela & Stager, 2016). In the early studies, the process of transferring values from parents to children was a one-way passive process in the sense that parents transmitted a package of information to their child (Barni et al., 2011). Reducing this transfer process to a passive one was finally criticized (Kuczynski & Parkin, 2007). The process of transferring values is complex in two directions (Kuczynski & Navara, 2006؛ Kuczynski & Parkin, 2007). Transference is now seen as an interactive process where the child and parent both have a mindset that affects the process and enables them to make choices (Kuczynski & Navara, 2006). Grusec and Kuczynski conceptualize transmission as a two-stage process: first, children's perception of the values that parents want them to learn, no matter how accurate they are. Second, children decide to reject or accept such values (Grusec & Kuczynski, 1997). As it was mentioned, the process of transference and selection of values is a two-way process which is prone to create disagreement in terms of selection and delivery. The optimal mode of its occurrence should also be identified with a detailed knowledge of the elements involved. The importance of this issue comes from the fact that this process plays an important role in the formation of people's identities and functions as the gap between parents and children. The occurrence of this process in its incorrect form can affect the overall structure of the family and the relationship between parents and children. According to Olson's theory (Olson, 2000), what causes conflict in the family system is an imbalance in family flexibility and cohesion. The factor that affects both dimensions is family communication. Therefore, it is important to analyze different dimensions affecting transferring, so as to determine how this process can occur optimally. Adolescence and emerging adult years are the years that are important for the formation of values and the meaning of life for people (Erickson, 1968؛ Arnett, 2000). For this reason, the present study seeks to investigate the mentioned process in this period of life. Since the study process can be examined by both parents and children, interviews were conducted with both of them. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze experiences the personal life of the participants and their meanings so that the common essence of their experiences is determined and the optimal mode of the transference and selection process could be identified. Findings According to the analyses of the interviews, three main and 12 secondary themes were extracted. Motivations in transference and selection processes This theme expresses the motives of parents and children. Its sub-themes include: child 's individuality, deviation from values as danger or harm and dual growth and protection. The individuality of the child One of the influential factors in choosing values is the individuality of each child. By entering the range of adolescence, or in better words, the “identification period", gradually Children's identity components such as will and independence become more prominent. Deviation from values as danger or damage Parents draw a balance between child's failure to live up to their expectations and perception of danger or harm. This causes parent’s reactions to value differences with their children. Duality of growth and protection In the words of the parents, it was seen that a part of the child's growth and happiness depends on strengthening the same individuality and agency. They see that they can cause changes in their child's values. This means that, there is a dilemma ahead of parents. Gradual emergence of conflicts Another influential factor is the gradual occurrence of conflicts. This theme deals with how and since when such conflicts gradually increased. The sub-themes of this issue are: changes during the period of transformation, increase in the variety of input for children. Changes during growth and development An important factor in creating conflict is the age of the child. The analysis of parent’s interviews indicated that younger children were more accepting of parents. Children's behaviors and values are more similar to their parents. The increase in variety of child entry information In childhood, not only are children influenced by their parents but also their experiences are more shared with their families. Therefore, the influence of the environment on the child's values enters a completely different are; the influence of the environment increases and the influence of the parents decreases. The impact of parent-child relationship on the transfer and optimization of selection processes All the motivations events in the process of transfer and selection occur in the context of the parent-child relationship. Less stress, more successful transfer It seems that the more relaxed and less tense the communication space between parent and children is, the better the transfer and selection process takes place. The effect of understanding the underlying logic of transfer values Understanding the parent's logic for expressing a value and believing in that values are an important factor in the child's judgment about the acceptance of that value transmitted by parents. The destructive effect of dominance on the relationship and the value to be transferred Dominance, which means harsh treatment of the child, by the parent can threaten the child's individuality, not only does not help to transfer a value but also has two negative consequences: First, that value is associated with negative emotions in the child's mind. It is possible, therefore, the child's mentality toward that value becomes completely negative and blocks the way to examining and possibly choosing that value in the future. Second, the relationship itself is subject to destruction. The importance of family relationships in preventing injuries If the parent-child relationship is distorted to a great extent, it can reach a point where the influence of the parent in all matters is lost. Conversation: an important tool An important manifestation of a two-way relationship is the existence of a dialogue space in it. In the context of dialogue, the mentalities of both parties can be shared. Discussion This study aimed to examine the experience of parents and children analyzed via the factors affecting the process of transferring and choosing values between them. The common essence of the parents' experience of this process was that they always put on concern for their children and try to protect them by conveying their desired values and meaning. The common essence of children's experience is focusing on the importance of their individuality and agency and the impact that their “self” has on this process. But if there is a common essence between the experiences of parents and children, the relationship between them is a common element that connects the individuality of children and the feeling of concerned parents. To put it better, the parent-child relationship and the importance that parents and children attach is something that is considered a common concern for both sides of this process. It can be said that the main motivation of parents to transfer and protect their children, and the main motivation of children to choose is to form their independent identity, and this process occurs in an optimal state when both of these needs are fully satisfied in the context of an effective relationship. * Corresponding author
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