مدیریت پسماند ویژه، راهکاری جهت حفظ طبیعت و محیط زیست شهری
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از مشکلات بسیار حاد محیط زیستی کشور، مدیریت نامناسب بر پسماندهای ویژه صنعتی در مناطق شهری است. عدم مدیریت بر پسماندهای ویژه خطرات زیادی را با توجه به ویژگی های احتراق، واکنش پذیری، خورندگی و سمیت بر سلامتی انسان و طبیعت وارد می نماید. برای کاهش هزینه های محیط زیستی ناشی از نبود مدیریت بر این نوع پسماند، نیاز به داشتن قوانین جامع است تا با اجرای آن این هزینه ها به حداقل برسد. در این مطالعه، برای رفع این چالش با در نظر گرفتن شرایط اقتصادی- اجتماعی کشور، برای ایجاد تعهد دفع توسط تولید کنندگان، زمینه برای تدوین قوانین مناسب فراهم شده است. هدف از بازنگری و تدوین مقررات اختصاصی برای پسماند ویژه، کاهش خسارت های شدید ناشی از دفع غیر قانونی آلاینده ها به محیط زیست شهری، پر کردن خلاءهای قانونی موجود در کشور برای حفظ طبیعت و محیط زیست است. همچنین در این مطالعه پس از نقد قانون و آیین نامه اجرایی مدیریت پسماند کشور و مقایسه آن با برخی از قوانین کشورهای پیشرفته، محورهای مورد نیاز برای وضع قانون تخصصی برای دفع تعیین شده است. براین اساس، قانون تخصصی تدوین شده شامل 23 ماده و 19 تبصره و آیین نامه اجرایی دفع شامل 87 ماده و 64 تبصره با مقررات جاری مقایسه شده است. از مزایای این مقررات ایجاد صندوق محیط زیستی، ارزیابی مقدماتی محیط زیستی، بررسی محیط زیستی و در نظر گرفتن دیدگاه های شهروندان برای تصمیم گیری جهت انجام واکنش اضطراری یا عملیات اصلاحی است.Hazardous waste management as an approach for conservation of nature and urban Environment
Introduction
One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering combustion, reactive, corrosive and toxic characteristics. In order to reduce these side effects the country needs a more comprehensive hazardous waste disposal program (e.g. legislation and regulation).
Research Methodology
In this study, to overcome these challenges with regard to social - economic conditions and a better commitment by the manufacturers an appropriate legislation has been provided. The purpose of the revision and development of specific regulations for hazardous waste could be described based on the reduce of the severe damage caused by illegal disposal of pollutants into the urban environment as well as filling the existing gaps in state law to preserve nature and the environment. The study also criticized the existing law and administrative regulations of the Waste Management and following a comparison with some of the laws of developed countries, the topics for special legislation for the legal disposal was determined.
Results
Consisted of 23 articles and 19 notes, as well as a regulatory counterpart including 87 article and 64 notes have been compared.
As a result, following a thorough and careful investigation, a piece of legislation In this revised regulations, a special attention is given based on the decrease of production and considering a recycling and reuse program. In addition to the applicable responsibilities, supervision for the implementation of the commitments is considered. This piece of legislation is annually audited by EPA with its divisions. In this regard, there is an especial emphasis by EPA on the private sector for the Waste Management. Site selection is carried out by EPA based on Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment. However, the Waste Management programs could be done by the private sector as a long contract. To transport and disposal of waste materials by the private sector, a maximum support by EPA has been considered. To reduce of environmental costs, a recycling and reuse program is emphasized. Meanwhile, the producer is responsible for disposal costs. In this proposed piece of legislation, in order to reduce the disposal costs and waste volume, some encouragements have been determined through ISO 14001. In addition, some solutions for business income and updated database are considered by the proposed piece of legislation. Overall, an organized educational program is proposed for public and private sectors.
Conclusion
This research revealed that to protect the urban environment, a specialized law should be codified. With regard to economic, social, cultural and political situation, a draft law for Waste Management has been developed. The illegal disposal of hazardous waste material is the most important problem in developing countries (e.g. Iran). To address this failure, the Special Waste Management Act and Regulations were presented. The advantages of this new legislation could be described in terms of the establishment of environment, and the view points of citizens on decision making processes the found could provide money for financing the costs associated with environmental recovery, primary evaluation of different legal disposal sites, and study the different environmental aspects for making decision about urgent reaction or improvement actions.
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