نمایشی از آن دیگری: بررسی مردسالاری و زن ستیزی با خوانشی فمنیستی در سه نمایش نامه بهرام بیضایی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مردسالاری از مفاهیم کلیدی گرایش های فمنیستی به شمار می آید. فمینیست ها معتقدند که درجامعه مردسالار، مردها قدرت و حاکمیتی برتر نسبت به زن ها دارند. آن ها علت فرودستی زنان را در جامعه مردسالار، دسترسی بیشتر مردان به مزایای ساختارهای قدرت، تقسیم نابرابر امتیازات اجتماعی و روابط نادرست مرد و زن می دانند. مسأله مردسالاری در متون ادبی بازتاب چشم گیری دارد. آثار زیادی به ویژه در حوزه نمایش نامه نویسی با این رویکرد خلق شده اند. نخستین اعتراض و نقدها به این نابرابری را، زنان وارد حوزه ادبیات کردند؛ اما همراه آن ها نویسندگان مردی هم به این جنبش پیوستند و از این نابرابری سخن گفتند. در ایران و در حوزه ادبیات نمایشی، بهرام بیضایی از جمله این نویسندگان است و اغلب نمایش نامه های او با محوریت نقش زن نوشته شده است. هدف این مقاله، تبیین موقعیت زن در اندیشه و بستر مردسالاری، در دنیای نمایش نامه های اوست. بدین منظور نمایش نامه های پرده خانه، ندبه و مرگ یزدگرد بیضایی انتخاب و به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی بررسی شده است. این بررسی نشان می دهد که بیضایی، نشانه ها و مؤلفه های مردسالاری و عوامل مؤثر بر پیدایی و گسترش آن را در آثار یاد شده ترسیم می کند. مقاله حاضر عناصر این یافته ها را بازیابی و تحلیل کرده است.A Drama Belonging to Other: Exploration of Patriarchy through a Feminist Reading in three Plays by Bahram Beyzai
Patriarchy, in its diverse practices, such as public or private practices, is a key concept in feminism. Feminists believe that in a male-dominated society, men are in authority over women and women are subordinated. They believe that the masculine oriented tendencies in a male-dominated society are repeatedly reproduced. According to feminists, the causes of women’s subversion in the patriarchal society are men’s greater access to power structures, the unequal distribution of social privileges and inappropriate relations between men and women. The male-controlled society constructs women’s subjugation, and makes it possible for men to turn to mischievousness in different practices. Patriarchy is an important issue in literary texts and many literary works, especially drama, have been written to depict this. In the beginning, women wrote about patriarchy, however, later, some male writers joined the movement and wrote about it. Bahram Beyzaie is one such author in our country. He is a highly praised Iranian dramatist, and theatre director, whose plays display women’s subordinated position and the discriminating stance of male-dominated society against women. Bahram Beyzai is a playwright who is preoccupied with the condition of women in a patriarchal society. Protagonists of his plays are female characters. They rebel against the established norms of patriarchal society. They fight in their own ways to gain their own proper dignity. Two main issues of his plays are gender inequality and differences in women and men’s social roles. Beyzai is a skilled playwright who has been cherished for his style of untainted Persian writing and for picking out Persian sagas and legendary figures. The purpose of this paper was to explore the position of female characters in Bahram Beyzai’s selected plays. The selected plays of the paper - Parde-Khane, Pahlavan Akbar Dies, Death of Yazdgerd and Wail (Nodbeh) have been explored through a descriptive-analytical approach. The patriarchal system in Parde-Khane, makes women renounce their true identity by giving new names for them. In Pahlavan Akbar Dies, the life of Pahlavan Heidar’s mother is the genuine saga of mothers in our society. Her life portrays the doom and spitting image of all mothers of the community. She lives only for her son. The story of Death of Yazdgerd is based on the slaying of Yazdgerd the Third, the last king of Sassanid Empire. Yazdgerd the Third who is severely pressured by the Arabs on the western border of Iran, escapes to Marv, shelving in disguise in a mill and eventually is slain by the miller. The story is expressed in the words of the miller, his wife and his daughter; all stories are different. In Wail (Nodbeh), Obidollah, a male character, is representative of a social system in which all ruthless features of the patriarchal system are gathered in his presence. The exploration of the selected plays reveals that Bahram Beyzai has depicted the components of patriarchy, its influencing factors, the expansion of patriarchy, and different means of women’s struggle to emancipate them from the domination of patriarchal system.
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