شنود موسیقی در آیین زار (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آیین زار یک آیین موسیقایی است و معتقدان به آن باور دارند که با شرکت کردن و قرار گرفتن در گفتمانی دوسویه میان باورهای برآمده از کهن الگوهای باستانی و فرهنگ اعتقادی خود، دردها و بیماری هایشان درمان خواهد شد. از منظر درون فرهنگی یکی از مهم ترین عناصر تاثیرگذار در روند درمان، موسیقیِ ویژه ی مراسم زار است، در حالی که پژوهشگران تاثیر کلی مراسم را، نتیجه ی باورها و نوعی رفتار فرهنگی می دانند. در این پژوهش، با بازخوانی اجرای مراسم با تمرکز بر عملکردهای موسیقی و واکنش افراد و حاضرین به این موسیقی، تلاش می شود تا دلیل وجود این دیدگاه از منظر تاثیرگذاری خود موسیقی درک شود. در اینجا بر اساس شواهد مکتوب و نقش موسیقی در مراحل مختلف، به نتیجه ی متفاوتی از تاثیر موسیقی دست پیدا خواهیم کرد. پس از معرفی پیشینه ی پژوهش های انجام شده درباره ی زار در ایران و دیگر اقلیم های فرهنگی، به بررسی اتنوگرافیک مراسم با رویکرد عملکردگرایانه به موسیقی و واکنش های مخاطبین به موسیقی پرداخته خواهد شد. در بخش نهایی مولفه های موسیقایی آوازهای زار و اهمیت نقش و تاثیر «شنیدن» در روند تجربه ی وجد و درمان بررسی می شود. اهمیت این رویکرد، نگاه نویی است که به حضور موسیقی در آیین های درمانی به عنوان یک مدخل فرهنگی برای درک بهتر نقش موسیقی در میان اقوام دارد.Music Listening in the Ritual of Zar
The Zar ritual (ceremony) is a musical ritual known and performed in a vast area of the world ranging from the northern and southern borders of the Persian Gulf to East and North Africa, spanning from Iran, Iraq, Dubai, Oman, Zanzibar (Ethiopia – east Africa), Egypt, Sudan and other countries within this vicinity. The performers of this ritual believe that their participation is an interaction between the beliefs derived from the ancient archetypes and the current beliefs about this ritual. On the one hand, this combines their current beliefs with their religious culture and on the other hand, they believe it will alleviate their pains and treat their illnesses. In this ideology, the illnesses can be of all sorts of ailments such as physical handicap like body paralysis, any sort of chronic pains in different parts of the body like the head, eye, stomach, or mental diseases like amnesia or depression. Social unluckiness in certain cultures isis also considered as a sort of illness. The patient is exposed to direct music for three to five consecutive days following the preliminary rituals. He/she assigns his/her mind and body to the world of winds (invisible supernatural forces), listens to music and rejoices in its rhythm. The Zar can be Muslim, atheist, African, Arab, Indian or Anglaise. Each Zar has its special character and needs to hear his special music since all ordered accessories are provided. From the intercultural perspective, this music is one of the most important elements in the treatment process. While researchers attribute the overall impact of the ritual to the beliefs and cultural behaviors, the performers of this ritual believe that music plays the key role in this ceremony. They believe that the Zar music is so influential that it should not be performed outside the ritual context, because the absence of factors such as a program director may distress the patient. These people believe that performing the music of the ritual in another situation will disturb and infuriate the supernatural forces and Zar winds. This shows the importance of listening to the Zar music in this ritual. This research tries to investigate this view from the perspective of the music impact by reviewing the ritual and concentrating on the functions of this music and the reactions of individuals and visitors to this music. We will achieve a different result about the impact of music based on written evidence and the role of music in the different stages of the ritual and healing ceremony. After a literature review of the Zar ritual in Iran and other cultural regions, we will provide an ethnographic study of this ritual with a functional approach to the music and the audience’s reactions to the performances. In the final section, we will examine the musical components of Zar songs and the importance and impact of "hearing" in the process of experiencing the emotional range and treatment progression. The importance of this approach is that it gives a new insight into the presence of music in the therapeutic rituals as a cultural input to better understanding the role of music among different cultures who practice this ceremony.