Financial development

The purpose of this paper is to examine the asymmetric effects of banking sector and stock market development on economic growth in Iran. For this purpose, Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model used based on seasonal time series data during 1989-2017. The results indicate that the impact of financial and banking development indices on economic growth is different for economic growth rates above and below 6%. Therefore, if the economic growth rate is higher than 6%, then we have a regression and when economic growth is lower than 6% will have another regression in order to effect of financial development of economic growth. In addition, results show that that the relationship between private sector credit and economic growth is much stronger than the relationship between stock market and economic growth.

Financial sector is one of the most influential sectors in economic activities. Empirical and theoretical studies conducted in recent years have also confirmed the significant role of financial institutions in economic growth. Additionally, trade and financial liberalization policies have been particular concerned with strategic policies in developed and developing countries. According to dynamic panel data (DPD) and by means of generalized method of moments (GMM) during 1990 to 2008, this study has investigated effects of trade and financial liberalization on financial development of MENA member countries. Empirical results imply that trade liberalization and financial liberalization have influenced separately financial development, while due to inefficiency of financial institutions in providing appropriately financial resources, conducting both liberalization simultaneously has had an unexpected negative effect on the financial development in the region. JEL classification: F19, G29

The relationship between financial development and economic growth is the crucial issues which could grab economists and policy makers' attention to it. Financial market plays an essential role on each economy, because it conducts funds to those individuals or firms which have productive investment opportunities. If the financial system does not perform this role efficiently, the economic efficiency will decrease and consequently economic growth will be barricaded. One of the main disturbing cases of efficient financial system is asymmetric information. This paper tries to study the effect of financial development and symmetric information on economic growth for whole European Union members. For measuring the symmetric information, some proxies like ICT, IT and economic freedom components are used. In order to have a separate model per country, Pooled Data model is applied in 2000-2012. The results Show that financial development and symmetric information lead to a higher rate of economic growth among European Union members.    JEL Classification: O16, O40, D82, E69

This paper investigates the key factors affecting the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to deve­­loping countries during the period (1995-2010) with emphasis on the financial development. Financial development, as an important factor in FDI absorption and a prerequisite for utilizing the benefits of FDI, not only increases the FDI inflow in developing countries, but also improve the absorption capacity and ability of these countries to utilize the benefits of FDI. Since the financial system consists of several components and provides a variety of services, various indicators, which represent the development of different aspects and components of financial system, have been applied in order to assess the impact of financial development on the FDI. Results indicate that development of various components of financial system (stock market and banking sector) as well as different aspects of financial development (size and activity level of financial system) all have positive and significant impact on the FDI inflow in developing countries during the studied period.

This paper investigates the key factors affecting the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to deve­­loping countries during the period (1995-2010) with emphasis on the financial development. Financial development, as an important factor in FDI absorption and a prerequisite for utilizing the benefits of FDI, not only increases the FDI inflow in developing countries, but also improve the absorption capacity and ability of these countries to utilize the benefits of FDI. Since the financial system consists of several components and provides a variety of services, various indicators, which represent the development of different aspects and components of financial system, have been applied in order to assess the impact of financial development on the FDI. Results indicate that development of various components of financial system (stock market and banking sector) as well as different aspects of financial development (size and activity level of financial system) all have positive and significant impact on the FDI inflow in developing countries during the studied period.

The present study investigates effective governance and quality of regula-tions on financial development in Iran's current economic conditions. For this purpose, the model is estimated based on the annual data of 1996-2018 using Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR). The results of estimating the linear part of the model (first regime) show that the variables of GDP, role or the rule of law, quality of regulations, and government size have a significant and positive impact on Iran's financial development at 95% confi-dence level. Also, the variables of devaluation of the national currency and financial crises have a negative impact on financial development in the Irani-an economy. Besides, the results of the non-linear part of the model (second regime) show the existence of a positive relationship between the variables of role or the rule of law and GDP with financial development. The sign of the variables of quality of regulations, government budget deficit, govern-ment effectiveness, devaluation of the national currency, nuclear sanctions, and financial crises are negative that is expected because Iran is developing and growing. The positive sign of the lag of the dependent variable of the financial development index shows the country's attention to the issue of financial development and the use of solutions and attention to infrastructure to increase financial development over time, which needs more attention from government officials.

This paper examines the impact of globalization on income inequality in a panel of 78 developed and developing countries over 2002–2015. Moreover, the indirect effect of financial development in the link between globalization and income inequality is also analyzed by incorporating the interaction term between globalization and financial development. The empirical evidence based on the first-difference generalized method of moments (difference GMM) estimator suggested by Arellano and Bond (1991) and the system GMM estimator proposed by Arellano and Bover (1995) shows that globalization tends to worsen income inequality. However, the magnitude of the impact of globalization on income inequality is decreased with higher levels of financial development. These findings suggest that a higher level of financial development results in equal income distribution in a globalized world. As a policy implication, policymakers should improve the level of financial development to mitigate the adverse effects of globalization on income distribution.

In the development process, achieving a better life and increasing well-being is achieved by focusing on access to a life of health and knowledge. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial development on human development, including life expectancy and primary enrollment rates in developing countries by gender in the period 2016-2020. The experimental model of this research was estimated using the Generalized method of Moments (GMM) panel method and the variables of facilities granted to the private sector, the ratio of money to GDP, the degree of openness of the economy, the effect of educational expenditures and health expenditures. The results of model estimation indicate that the facilities granted to the private sector have a positive and significant effect on human capital. The effect of the ratio of money supply to GDP is negative due to the destructive effect of inflation on all models. The coefficient of degree of openness of the economy in all models (except the female registration rate) is positive and significant. Educational expenses have a positive and significant effect on the male and female registration rate as well as men's life expectancy. The effect of health expenditures is also positive and significant in most models (life expectancy of men and women as well as women's registration rate). Therefore, governments should pay attention to encouraging exports, reforming the tariff system based on encouraging the import of capital goods, currency stability, facilitating banking transactions, facilitating the conditions for opening letters of credit.

The main question in this paper is to what extent communal land ownership (CLO) influences the utilization of environmentally friendly resources? To find the answer to this question, this study investigates the relationship between (CLO) and the adoption of environmentally sustainable resources in 12 emerging economies from 1990 to 2019, utilizing a panel data methodology. Findings suggest that (CLO) has a positive impact on promoting green resource utilization in the long term, whereas its short-term effects on green resource consumption are not substantial. Moreover, an immediate increase in GDP exhibits a negative influence, while a long-term rise positively affects the progression of green resource consumption. The Gini coefficient adversely affects the deployment of green resources, and heightened economic uncertainty leads to a reduction in their consumption. To harness the positive effects of (CLO) on green resource utilization, emerging economies should focus on implementing sustainable development education programs (ESD), bolstering green financial inclusivity, expanding poverty alleviation policies, enhancing functional literacy, and augmenting financial diffusion.