مطالب

Sustainable supply chain has become an integral part of the corporate strategy. In this paper, a real case study of the natural gas supply chain has been investigated. Using concepts related to natural gas industry and the relations among the compo-nents of gas and oil wells, refineries, storage tanks, dispatching, transmission and distribution network, a seven-level supply chain has been introduced and present-ed schematically. The aim of this paper is to optimize a case study using a fuzzy goal-programming multi-period model considering environmental and economic costs and revenue as fuzzy goals and maximize the total degree of satisfaction of goals as objective function. A small-sized problem was solved using GAMS 23.2.1 software and sensitivity analysis was conducted on its parameters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that presents a fuzzy goal program-ming model for the optimization of sustainable natural gas supply chain by focus-ing on the environmental and economic costs and total revenue of gas products and the other main contribution of this research is focused to the developing of the mentioned model.

Performance appraisal is a process which help shareholders make informed and optimal investment decisions. In recent decades, a long stream of research has devoted particular attention to the importance and impact of financial decisions on firm performance and firm value. The present study thus is primarily concerned with investigating the association between free cash flow and institutional ownership and long-term performance of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period of 2012-2016. Moreover, firm size, financial leverage and sale grows serve as the control variables of the research. A number of 89 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected, and then the research hypotheses were tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results reveal that firm long-term performance is not significantly correlated with free cash flow, yet it has a significant relationship with institutional ownership.

The use of natural resource revenues for achievement of development has been a challenging issue for resource abundant countries. These challenges stem from the fact that incomes from natural resources are non-durable, unpredictable and uncertain. Different countries have pursued various approaches and tools for managing these revenues to avoid economic fluctuations. The international organizations and economic experts propose a diversification in the use of resource revenues through different approaches of public investment. Maximizing the social welfare function has become a common guideline for resource revenue management in resource-rich countries. This article investigates the effect of public investment approaches and their impacts on intergenerational social welfare function of Iran. To this end, the impact of two public investment approaches, namely Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and Bird In Hand (BIH), was examined and compared on a certainty equivalent of social welfare function. Results of the simulation with Iran's economic data indicated substantial positive loss in welfare if switching to the BIH approach. Calculations show that the certainty equivalent of social welfare function for PIH and BIH is 786.3 and 444.3, respectively. PIH provides a higher welfare level for the Iranian economy.

In this study, challenges in the translation of Islamic Shi’a texts of practical laws were investigated. The English translations of the books of Islamic laws written according to three Iranian Twelver Shi’a mujtahids namely, Grand Ayatollah Wahid Khorasani, Grand Ayatollah Sistani, and Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi were examined. Next, the culture-bound terms concerning practical laws of religion in the three English translations were looked at to see what kinds of procedures have been used by different translators and which procedure(s) is/are the most frequent one(s). The results of this study indicated that the challenges found in the translation of Islamic law texts could be classified into two groups: lexical challenges and structural challenges. Moreover, it was found out that the main challenges include Islamic words, culture-specific items, units of measurement, common words with uncommon meanings, fixed expressions, and modal verbs. In addition, it was found that the translators of these texts have used six procedures more than others and those are transliteration, literal translation, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent and recognized translation. The analysis of examples in this research suggests that among all procedures, the translator, in most cases, has used transliteration and literal translation to cope with the lexical gap.

: The right to access to drug is not specified as an independent right in the international documents; and has been considered in the area of health, as one of the equipment of being healthy. Right to physical and mental health has been described and recognized absolutely as a foundational right in the international humanitarian rights documents. In this research, we studied the right to health and access to drug from the viewpoints of international human rights and humanitarian rights, and Iran provisions. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytic research, some of international documents about human rights and humanitarian rights, as well as some provisions of Iran and some related cases were studied using library research tools. FINDINGS: The importance of attention to right access to drug as a fundamental human right was emphasized in international and Iran documents. CONCLUSION: As the right access to drug is considered as a fundamental human right, it seems that a specific international covenant should be codified on this issue by the United Nation and other international competent organizations.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of disasters on the mental and physical health of affected communities requires planning for socio-psychological recovery, recognizing various dimensions, and research on the arising issues. The present study is conducted with the aim to focus on methodological and subject research approaches in international post-disaster studies in the framework of research design, target society, and measurement of key structures, in order to identify existing research gaps in this field. METHODS: In the present study, a purposeful post-disaster content analysis was performed quantitatively and qualitatively on socio-psychological studies in 39 journals indexed in databases. After the purposeful and specific steps, 73 studies were coded in an accurate review process, and then the codes extracted (research strategies, research project implementation, highlighted topics, sampling method, statistical population, and data collection tools) were analyzed in Excel software and presented in the form of descriptive statistics. FINDINGS: Cross-sectional studies with quantitative strategy, random sampling method, standardized structured questionnaire, and large statistical population have the highest frequency. The predominant subjects studied on an individual scale were the individual post-disaster psychological consequences and on a collective scale were indicators associated with socio-psychological recovery. CONCLUSION: The imbalance in the socio-psychological studies of disasters and the recovery indicators in both individual and collective scales require paying attention to the subjects related to the individual recovery and mental health and a deeper understanding of the socio-psychological consequences of disasters. In addition to the current research approaches, the investigations on the post-traumatic neuroscience will be growing in the future perspective. Expanding the scope of quantitative research and neuroscience requires standardized measurement scales in developing countries. The reliability of the study findings was 71.5%.

When deliberating on the spiritual dimension of tourism, one key question is that how individuals are seeking for their life meaning and experiences of divine existence, as well as their connectedness as subjectively lived during their travel.  In fact, tourism is closely connected to religion which has always been a powerful travel motivation from the time of early pilgrimages to contemporary journeys to sacred places. Religious sites, rituals, festivals and ceremonies are considered important attractions for both religious followers with special systems of belief and tourists with a casual interest. Perhaps, this characteristic of the tourism experience is the main reason for spiritual tourism experiences being recently popular among individuals who have started engaging in spiritualitydriven experiences and among persons aiming to develop their continuing sublime engagement by means of travel. There are various reasons for travelling for spiritual growth which is opposed to the traditional notions of pilgrimage and religious tourism. However, relatively few scholars have explored the multitudinous relationships between religion, spirituality, and sustainable tourism, despite the pervasiveness of religious tourism and spiritual connections to place. A subject that has received only scant attention in the literature is the negative social and ecological impacts of religious (mass) tourism. Several authors have noted the negative impacts of religious tourism on the commercialization of places and artifacts that were once held as sacred locations. The commodification of religious symbols and the economic implications of selling them should become of increased interest to researchers as the world becomes more consumption-oriented.

Human beings are constantly active to live their everyday life. They spend long hours of their life on working and activity in closed and confined environments. That along with urbanization, mental and psychological traumas and physical harms has led some to think about leisure time and its significance in their life. Meantime, various schools of thought and ideologies attach great significance to leisure time. Islam also recognizes the necessity of tourism, as a prescribed form of leisure time, at individual and social life. In this regard, tourism with a spiritual approach is followed by an intellectual upgrade and spiritual evolution of humans, leading to intellectual and spiritual enrichment. This study has been conducted to examine the status of leisure time and tourism in the holy Quran and hadiths. This descriptive-analytical research, which is based on Quranic verses and hadiths frequently narrated in authenticated books, aims to examine various aspects of leisure time and tourism in the Quran and hadiths. The findings of this research show that Islam views leisure time as a moral issue. Relying on the Quranic verses and hadiths, tourism may be divided into halal (permissible), makrouh (non- recommended) and haram (strictly forbidden). Quranically tourism with a spiritual approach brings about serenity, durability and blessings while being faith-based and beyond gender division.