مطالب

Anbūba is a simple instrument that has been in use during the medieval Islamic age. The Arabic term ʾAnbūba literally means the tube. The instrument was a tube devised in a particular way to determine the relative height between two lands for water transportation with the purpose of irrigating the farms and gardens. In the classic Islamic age, the description and instruction of such instruments were not generally registered in a textual format, regarding that they were a component of agricultural know-how. However, the information about ʾAnbūba has reached us in four independent treatises. This article introduces the instrument ʾAnbūba, discussing its construction and application. The article also includes the edition and translation of a fifteenth-century Persian treatise written exclusively about this instrument.

La fiction théâtrale novatrice de B.-M. Koltès qui a marqué la scène de représentation française des années 80, est connue chez la critique littéraire contemporaine pour la poétique de dispute et de conflit dans une dimension fort argumentative - polémique. La rhétorique judiciaire -énonciative de Koltès tient son originalité de ce qu’elle a excellemment su accorder la priorité à la voix et la parole du personnage, afin de condamner par le moyen du langage la brutalité et la violence de la condition humaine qui tourne dérisoirement au tragique. Ce qui est remarquable dans l’œuvre littéraire de Koltès, c’est nécessairement et d’une manière expressive et métaphorique, la verbalisation de rapports (de force) tenus entre les personnages qui ne s’accordent en rien dans un monde où tout sent la haine, la désagrégation, la solitude, le désespoir, la souffrance, etc. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’analyser, dans une approche linguistique-conversationnelle l’engendrement de la parole conflictuelle koltésienne dans ses deux dernières pièces, Le Retour au désert et Robert Zucco, trahissant à la fois toutes les deux, la notion socio-philosophique de la controverse et la non-communication au sens logique du terme chez les êtres scéniques qui n'ont rien à signifier de leur vie frappée de violence.

Purpose: Considering the role and importance of professional ethics in all organizations, including educational organizations, the purpose of this study was designing a pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts. Methodology: The present study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was combined (qualitative and quantitative). The research population in both qualitative and quantitative sections were deputies and heads of education districts of Tehran city in 2018-19 academic years, which The sample size in the qualitative section according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated 20 people who were selected by purposive sampling method and the sample size in the quantitative section according to Cochran's formula was estimated 113 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The research instruments were semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire whose psychometric properties were confirmed. Data were analyzed by methods of coding and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The results of the qualitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 71 indicators in 14 categories of professional, ethical or normative, ethical knowledge, organizational strategies, education, managerial factors, resources, institutionalization, evaluation, staff, organizational culture, structure factors, organizational procedures or regulations and development of individual and organizational professional ethics. Also, the results of the quantitative section showed that extra-organizational professional ethics included 40 items in 9 factors of self-efficacy, scientific responsibility, individual ethics, managerial factors, organizational factors, job ethics, extra-organizational factors, social responsibility and belonging to scientific social, which two factors of self-efficacy and belonging to scientific social were removed from the pattern due to a factor load of less than 0.40. Finally, the pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of deputies and heads of education districts was designed. Conclusion: According to the designed pattern of extra-organizational professional ethics of the deputies and heads of education districts, to promote the extra-organizational professional ethics in them can be improved the identified categories.

Purpose: Considering the role of marketing in the sale of various products, the aim of the present research was to investigate the impact of effective marketing factors on increasing film sales. Methodology: This was an applied quantitative correlational study. The study population included media producers, directors and experts in 2019. A total of 294 participants were selected using convenience sampling according to Cochran's formula. The data collection tool included a researcher-made 34-item questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by expert opinion and factor analysis, and its reliability was estimated at 0.83 by using Cronbach's alpha method. Data analysis was carried out using correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling methods in SPSS and LISREL software. Findings: The results showed that all nine subscales of effective marketing factors including evaluation and identification of the target audience, evaluation and identification of market opportunities, evaluation and identification of the topic, evaluation and selection of film elements, evaluation and selection of appropriate advertising strategy, evaluation and selection of appropriate promotion strategy, evaluation and selection of the appropriate distribution system and channel, evaluation and selection of the appropriate pricing strategy, and the use of methods, tools, and potentials to increase sales had a direct and significant effect on the increase in sales of social drama films (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated the effective role of all marketing factors in increasing the sales of social drama films. Therefore, planning to use effective marketing factors to increase film sales seems necessary.