مطالب

  Today, sustainable development of tourism as a strategy for the development of cities, especially remote cities is a relatively new idea that its importance has been realized by policymakers. This type of tourism can be considered as a source of income, creating jobs, and making positive changes in the income of cities. In tourism studies, there are also discussions about spiritual tourism. However, most scholars do not consider spiritual tourism as realtourism because it is like an umbrella that can include various types of tourism that leads to a transcendental sense and sacred values such as ‘Spiritual city tourism’.Then, using laboratory techniques of test and evaluation of fuzzy DEMATEL decision making, as one of the appropriate decision-making techniques that deal with systematic relations between variables, relations among factors influencing the development of Spiritual city tourism in Tehran are studied and modeled. The results of the fuzzy DEMATEL method showed that factors affecting the development of Spiritualcity tourism include Appropriate planning and management, Direct supervision of the government and institutions on those active in the field of tourism, Presence of experts fluent in live languages of the world beside tourism attractions, Attracting foreign investment for the development of Spiritual city tourism activities with contracts and special facilities, Marketing, advertising, and introducing tourism attractions in national and international areas, Culturalization of tourism development and promotion of tourist acceptance culture among city residents.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing the incidence of natural disasters around the world has led to increased concerns about the social and economic development of developed countries. Natural disasters are inevitable, but they can be taken to reduce their negative impacts on countries. Organizations involved in managing these crises must regulate their supply chain and make the necessary changes to improve the performance of the humanitarian supply chain. METHODS: Data analysis by partial least squares method (PLS) was performed using smart-pls2 software and a researcher-made questionnaire with 25 questions that examined six structures. In this research, 320 questionnaires have been distributed. In the statistical population of the survey, there are military centers, fire brigades, Omer Crescent population, emergency 115, crisis management and renovation committee in the parliament, governorate, municipalities, supply chain managers, Active practitioners in this field, subject specialists (reference persons and perpetrators in this field), and other members of the organizations involved in rescue and rescue operations in Tehran (randomly selected from the 22 areas). Eventually, 193 people were involved in relief and rescue operations. The reliability of the model has been investigated and verified through three ways of evaluating factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, composite reliability (CR). The average variance extracted (AVE) values are greater than 0.5, and CR values are larger than AVEs. That means convergent validity. Also, the mean of the AVE for each structure is greater than 0.50 and this is a sign of convergent validity. FINDINGS: For the model, GOF is 0.56; that means the model has a great fit. The statistics above show that the proposed model is suitable for data collection. In general, the proposed model confirms the relationship between the use of information technology, mutual trust, flexibility, agility, adaptability and performance of the humanitarian supply chain. Fit statistics have four indicators: Goodness of Fitness (GFI) of 0.92, Fitted Goodness Index (AGFI) of 0.9, Root RMSEA error of 0.04, and 360.88 x 360 times. Finally, the ratio of k2 to the degree of freedom for 1.38 is obtained, indicating the good of fitness of the model fit with the data. With the aid of p-values and T-Values 8 hypotheses were confirmed in this modeling. CONCLUSION: The results show that the agility and flexibility of organizations in the humanitarian supply chain are related to the use of information technology and organizational trust, which in turn affects performance.

INTRODUCTION: Fires in residential buildings, commercial complexes, and small and large industries cause a lot of financial, human, and environmental damage in different communities annually. This study is conducted with the aim to evaluate the fire risk in the selected commercial buildings in Mashhad, Iran. METHODS: This was a descriptive-cross-sectional and applied study conducted in the spring of 2019 on 10 separate commercial buildings in Mashhad. First, the necessary checklists for fire risk assessment from the NFPA 101 standard were prepared and compiled by the researcher, and the necessary information was completed according to the field surveys and obtaining the urban planning documents of the buildings. The information collected was then analyzed in the Computerized Fire Safety Evaluation System (CFSES) software for final evaluation of the buildings. FINDINGS: In general, the total number of commercial buildings examined (10 cases) was in an unacceptable condition in all three areas of fire risk, including the fire control, exit, and general safety aspects. In addition, the fire risk situation in older buildings (5 cases) was worse than in new buildings (5 cases). CONCLUSION: The fire risk assessment score of the commercial buildings studied in terms of fire control, exit route, and general safety aspects was unacceptable and none of the buildings evaluated obtained the minimum safety score in these three aspects. Therefore, to improve fire safety in commercial buildings, valid fire safety regulations and standards, including NFPA 101, must be observed to prevent fire accidents and irreparable financial and human losses.