مطالب

Risk and uncertainty are inherent characteristics of economic activities. This study aimed to investigate how fluctuations in macroeconomic variables affected the economic growth of Iran, in the period 1989-2021. To this end, fluctuations in macroeconomic variables were measured using EGARCH method, and then Iran’s economic growth equation was estimated based on the Markov Regime-Switching GARCH. The MRS(2)-AR(2) model was estimated. The model estimation results revealed two regimes of prosperity and recession in Iran's economy, the latter was more durable than the former in the studied period. The different effects of OPEC oil price fluctuations in the two regimes, indicating the asymmetric effects of this variable on Iran's economic growth. In other words, the effects of this uncertainty on Iran’s economic growth are smaller during a period of recession than a period of prosperity. The results on real exchange rate fluctuations showed that fluctuations in this variable had similar destructive effects on Iran’s economic growth. The results revealed the positive and negative effects of inflation rate fluctuations on Iran’s economic growth during periods of recession and prosperity, respectively. The IQI coefficient showed the positive effects of this variable on Iran’s economic growth; higher institutional quality increases physical capital and, thereby, economic growth. Based on the model estimation results, it is impossible to propose a single solution to control fluctuations in macroeconomic variables in Iran during different periods. economic policymakers should adopt and implement the best policies considering the periods of recession or prosperity as well as the development priorities.

Iranism Jurisdiction and its beginning throughout the entire existence of Iran is one of the issues that actually stay in debate. One reason adding to this is that there are a few ambiguities in the set of experiences. In the mean time, the job of Maneckji Limji Hataria is among the variables that are deserving of additional reflection. In 1854 Maneckji Limji Hataria has entered Iran as the main agent of Parsis of India.He communicated with scholars and journalists of Naaseri period of Iran culture during his drawn out inhabitancy in Iran. This investigation tries to respond to this scrutinize that "what is the situation of Iranism Jurisdiction and Iranian disposition in the his collaborations with masterminds of Naaseri period?". For this reason, alluding to verifiable sources, archives, correspondence and giving confirmations, the creators show that Iranism Jurisdiction is the focal and crucial issue in Maneckji Limji Hataria connections with intelligent people of Naaseri time is and these communications can be considered as an auxiliary factor influencing the Iranism Jurisdiction mentalities of Naaseri time.