مطالب

The present study aimed to address an area of language learner strategies research which has not received the same attention as reading, writing, speaking, listening, and vocabulary strategies in spite of the significant role of grammar in the conceptualization of language competence. The paucity of empirical investigations in intervention research concerning grammar strategies was the impetus to carry out a grammar strategies-based instruction on the basis of several models including Oxford's strategic self-regulated model of learning to see its effects on learners' achievement of grammar across different age groups and proficiency levels. To this end, six groups of Iranian EFL learners, comprising 63 high school and 96 university students, were chosen from intact classes in Hamedan(Iran) for control and experimental groups. The treatment focusing on comparison of adjectives and adverbs, relative clauses, articles and prepositions continued for ten sessions after the administration of proficiency tests, pre-tests and immediate and delayed post-tests. The results of ANCOVA revealed meaningful differences between control and experimental groups. However, the variables of age and proficiency contributed to the significance of differences among the groups. Generally, the treatment proved to be especially useful for youngerlearners at lower proficiency levels. In addition, the delayed effect of the treatment was quite noticeable in all experimental groups. The findings stressed the usefulness of GSBI for EFL learners, which requires that teachers, material developers and syllabus writers consider the potentiality of such a strategy instruction for the development of EFL learners' grammar proficiency.

With the formation of local and national governments during the 3 rd -5 th centuries A.H. [9th - 11th A.D.], the circumstances were prepared for adaption and recreating cultural and artistic traditions of Sassanid period. In this regard, Samanid governors played a key role. Amir Ismail Samanid came up with a style which became a pattern for numerous mausoleums and on the other hand connected the architectural elements and designs of Sassanids with the Islamic era. The Mausoleum of Amir Ismail Samanid itself shows how the Sassanid architectural elements appear in a new format. Both the design and construction of this building appears to have been carried out objectively, and Amir Samanid had somehow intended to follow the Sassanid dynasty. Studying the architectural elements and features of the Ismail Samanids Mausoleum as well as adaptions from the Sassanid architecture, and also its historical and cultural contexts (the revival of Iranian identity and returning to the traditions of Sassanian, during the 3rd – 5th centuries A.H.) are the main objectives of the present paper.

Thedifferent brand personality has a vital and important role in the success of a brand and customers with different personalities prefer brands which have a proportionate and consistent personality with their personality. The fitness and alignment of the consumer personality and brand personality will lead to brand loyalty. Therefore the present study is aimed to assess the relationship between consumer personality traits, brand personality and brand loyalty. This is a descriptive survey study and a questionnaire is used to collect the data. Analysis of the results indicates the validity and reliability of the used questionnaire. The population of the present study consists of the consumers of the mobile phones in Tehran. For data analysis, the SPSS and LISREL software packages are used .Research findings showed that the consumers' personality traits have significant effect on the brand personality; brand personality has significant effect on the brand loyalty, and ultimately consumers' personality traits have significant effect on the brand loyalty in the mobile phone industry. In other words, all of the hypotheses are confirmed.

In this study, we have tried to identify two different approaches for dealing with social problems and issues. The first one is causal explanation, which is retrospective, static and physical. The other one, functional analysis, is prospective, dynamic, and normative. Institutions are the main subject of economics. Human social-institutional reality has a common underlying structure and these structures are matters of status functions. We proposed a method which aims at efficacy of these functions using intelligence rather than assuming these functions as intrinsic and trying to grasp the realty from without by a rationality apparatus. The aim of this article is to show that, Dewey’s Logic provides us with this alternative functionalistic approach in a comprehensive way.