مطالب

Bangladesh is still a low urbanized country although it experienced a rising trend in the level of urbanization throughout the twentieth century and had a remarkably high urban growth immediately after its independence in 1971. The country recorded the highest ever annual average growth rate (9.04) and percentage of interval variation (137.57%) in an urban population in 1974; thereafter, growth rates of these two parameters went on falling and reached 5.19 and 65.89% respectively in 1991. As a result, urbanization during the tail end of the twentieth century increased but at a decreasing rate leading to an unsustainable urban growth trend. This study, however, exامینes the factors that contributed to urbanizing Bangladesh during the unsustainable growth period particularly in the last decades of the twentieth century. To this end, a multivariate regression model is developed and analyzed using the ordinary least square method involving stepwise-regression procedure. Primarily ten potential factors are taken into consideration and seven of them emerged as significant in explaining the process of urbanization in Bangladesh. Of these seven factors, the level of industrialization appears as the most influential factor with a coefficient of 1.34, which is followed by the share of urban area, initial level of urbanization and migration with coefficients of 1.13, 0.86 and 0.49 respectively; while the econometric model came up with an adjusted R2 of 0.95 and the Durbin-Watson Statistic of 1.98. Results of this study provide with better understanding towards guiding the urbanization process, particularly in the developing countries.

This article is about the comparative study of symbol in architecture and contemporary Seljuk tombs in Iran. Art is one of the arts associated with various sciences and science concepts, and various features of footprints can be seen. The signs and symbols of architectural buildings and monuments can be helpful. especially for the beauty of motifs and composition, and roles and indications suggest deep thinking and high precision. For example, some architectonic art harmony such as symmetry, proportionality, balance, balance, matching, agreement, similarity, consistency, alignment, and equality are noted. The main question is whether there are similarities and differences between the use of the symbol and sign in the works of the monuments of the two periods of Seljuk and contemporary Iran? The aim of study is to study the architectural monuments of two architectural periods in Iran, with reference to types of signs and symbols of presenting the classification of the places of application of symbols and signs in architectural works. The methodology of this research is based on library studies and existing documents, and the gathering of data and deductions from the issues raised in relation to various types of symbols and signs, its application in the contemporary Seljuk and contemporary Iranian architecture, and research on similar examples. Finally, studying the research of other scholars, compares the architecture of the Seljuk and contemporary period of the Iranian monument with, the perspective of differences, similarities, the use of symbols and signs in the context of architecture.