مطالب

If culture is seen as a framework of "should" and "should not," defensive culture is based on issues, which are available in the society. Issues that differ from one society to another and are influenced by the strategic culture of the countries. So, the present study aimed to answer the question that what are the most important components of a defensive culture in the framework of the strategic culture of Iran, based on the Supreme Leader's views. Based on the results, the most important components influenced by Iran's strategic. culture include martyrdom and Ashura culture, deepening insight and recognizing enemy, Islamic-Iranian identity and national unity, self-confidence and belief in divine victory, denial of oppression and defense of the oppressed, defensive diplomacy, democratic defense, and multilateral defense which can be effective in adopting an appropriate defensive strategy and enhancing the defensive capability of the Islamic Republic of Iran against enemies. In this article an analytical-descriptive method is used.

- This study aimed at investigating the translation of address terms from Arabic text of the Quran (ST) into English as well as Persian translations (TTs) based on politeness principle. The purpose was to evaluate the two translations in terms of implementing proper polite address terms. The data were gathered from the Original Arabic version of the Quran as the ST and two different versions of its English translations (Gharib and Yusuf Ali) as well as two versions of Persian translations (Fooladvand and Makarem Shirazi) as the TTs.  In order to analyze the data, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness was used. The most frequent translation strategies were also identified according to Vinay and Darbelnet (2012) as well as Harvey and Higgins (1986) for rendering proper nouns. Moreover, the classification of address terms by Aliakbari&Tohi (2008) and address functions by Biber et al (1999) was also applied. To achieve the objectives, the following steps were taken: address terms were extracted from Arabic, English and Persian texts of the Quran. Then, they were classified to different types, after that politeness principles used in the Arabic text of the Quran and their rendering were compared and contrasted, and finally translation strategies applied to render Arabic address terms into English and Persian were identified. The results of the study revealed that all versions of English and Persian translations depicted the psychological distance between Allah and people as the Arabic version of the Quran. Also, the findings showed that in the translation of address terms from SL into TTs translators did their best to maintain the words of Allah by rendering the words literally.

En el presente artículo se aborda desde el punto de vista metodológico, y dados sus aciertos, la pertinencia del empleo del libro Cómo se comenta un texto literario (1974), de Fernando Lázaro Carreter y Evaristo Correa Calderón, como manual básico para la adquisición de competencias literarias en asignaturas como “Análisis y comentario de textos literarios”, “Ejemplos de prosa y poesía” y “Literatura española I, II, III”, etc., impartidas en las universidades iraníes, donde se enseña el español a nivel de Licenciatura. Tomando, además, en consideración que, precisamente por su excelencia metodológica, ha adquirido gran relevancia en la enseñanza secundaria y universitaria en España e Hispanoamérica, donde se incluye como una de las referencias bibliográficas fundamentales en el estudio de la literatura de distintos periodos, autores y movimiento concretos y, evidentemente, en el análisis y el comentario de textos literarios.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the onset time and the electromyographic activity level of the selected lower limb muscles in the active and inactive old women.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 28 old women with a Mean±SD age of 61.07±0.88 years were selected in the inactive (15 people) and active (13 people) groups. The electrical activity of the selected muscles of the lower limbs was collected by the EMG device in a stair down movement. Results: The onset time of tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles are faster in the active group (p <0.05). Besides, the activity level of the rectus femoris muscle in the interval of 100 ms before the initial contact and the ratio of the vastus medialis muscle to the biceps femoris muscle was significantly lower (p <0.05) in the active group.Conclusion: It seems that the muscles of the lower limbs in the group of women with regular physical activity are activated faster than the inactive group and the decrease in the activity of the rectus femoris muscle and the ratio of the vastus medialis to the biceps femoris muscle in the active women may be accompanied by fatigue and reduced intra-articular forces. Therefore, it is recommended that old women participate in regular and active exercise programs to improve their onset times of muscle activity.