درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, researchers claim that the concept of a behavioral immune system is not the same as pathogen avoidance. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate whether the behavioral immune system is the same as the pathogen avoidance system or has a broader meaning. Method: using Google Scholar database keywords such as disease avoidance, pathogen disgust, the behavioral immune system were searched. PubMed for the behavioral immune system, system over perception disease cues, and disease over perception bias was investigated. All-time periods were used for this review study and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria. Results: The findings show that there are three main mechanisms involved in the behavioral immune system. This system includes the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Therefore the results showed that the behavioral immune system has a broader meaning than the pathogen avoidance system. Conclusion: Research on physiological correlations with emotional experiences shows that disgust is evoked in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system and neural activity. However little is known about the functional connections between anatomical structures, neurochemical processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are the manifestations of the behavioral immune system, and more studies are needed in this area.

Introduction: One of the basic human needs that plays a vital role in sustainable development is mental health. In the digital age, Internet addiction is a threat to mental health. So this study aimed at validating the treatment entry questionnaire for Tehran University students in 2019. Method: Participants were 324 undergraduate and postgraduate students of state universities in Tehran, who were selected through one-step cluster random sampling. All participants completed the Urbanoski and Wild’s (2012) Treatment Entry Questionnaire, the Miler and Tonigan (1996) Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, and the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire. Results: Data were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data showed that the three-factor structure of the identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation has a good fit, and the validity of the scale was confirmed by face and content validity. Convergent validity evidence confirmed the positive relationship between identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation with subscales of recognition, taking the step, and ambivalence of the Readiness for Change and Treatment Motivation scale. Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the whole scale (0.95) and each subscale of identified motivation (0.94), intrinsic motivation (0.89), and extrinsic motivation (0.86). Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the treatment entry scale for the student population has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research.

Objective: <span class="fontstyle2">This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: <span class="fontstyle2">The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population consisted of all members of the MS Society of Iran located in Tehran in 2019, and the sample consisted of 60 members of the Association who were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (15 people for each group). All four groups were tested by DASS-21 scale, and then the experimental groups underwent mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy in 12 Two-hour sessions for 12 weeks, but the control group did not receive any training. Analysis was performed using SPSS22 in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">The results of analysis showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been effective on reducing stress (f= 110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also it was shown that logo therapy was effective on stress (f= 264.60, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 175, p <0,001), and depression (f= 305.07, p <0,001), and schema therapy was effective on reducing stress (f=110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, the comparison of means showed that in the variables of stress, anxiety, and depression, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective. Conclusions: <span class="fontstyle2">The findings of this study confirmed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: <span class="fontstyle2">Diabetes is a chronic, multifaceted and threatening disease which has significant psychological complications. The purpose of this study was comparing the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Skills Training (DBT-ST) on cognitive emotion regulation in patients with type II diabetes. Method: <span class="fontstyle2">The design of this quasi-experimental research was a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with type II diabetes referred to Baghban (Touba) Medical Clinic in Sari in 2019, among whom 45 patients were selected through the convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned into three groups. The first group received ACT, the second group received DBT-ST, and the third group was considered as a control group. Data were collected using a 36-item Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefsky et al., 2001) in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, and were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">The results showed that ACT and DBT-ST were significantly more effective on cognitive emotion regulation for the experimental groups compared to the control group (effect sizes 0.911 & 0.967, respectively). The effectiveness of DBT-ST compared to ACT was more significant on cognitive emotion regulation scores (effect sizes 0.967) at (P>0.01). Conclusion: <span class="fontstyle2">Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that ACT improved psychological indexes and mental health of patients with type II diabetes due to acceptance of unfavorable emotions and thoughts, commitment, and DBT-ST for emotion regulation and mindfulness components