درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The developmental process of architectural tradition of tower tombs in Azerbaijan during the 12 th – 14 th centuries (AD)  is one of the basic questions in the Iranian history of architecture. Historically, the architectural constructions and decorations were developed in Nakhchivan by the end of 12 th century. Based on the formulated doctrines of the former USSR academy, the late Seljukid architecture in Nakhchivan was indigenous and originated from the local innovations. Turkish art historians have classified the late Seljukid architecture in Nakhchivan as a variety of Turk – Islam tradition in the post- USSR years. These kinds of de- historized studies have not considered the socio- cultural relationships among Qazvin, Maragheh, Tabriz and Nakhchivan within the Iranian cultural context. The main aim of this study is to investigate the general specifications of the 12 th – 14 th centuries (AD) architecture of the tower tombs in Nakhchivan and Maragheh to examine their artistic and technical interactions appeared in the glorious architectural monuments during the Iranian Late Seljukid – Ilkhanid history of architecture. Methodologically, the origin of Nakhchivani tower tombs should be sought in the architectural manner of Maragheh due to the chronological order of their existing Persian and Arabic inscriptions. Although the USSR and Turkish decontextualized subjectivities in the architectural history of Nakhchivan are not well-reviewed, the architecture of the tower tombs in the Late Seljukid Nakhchivan has a processual trajectory initiated from the early Seljukid Kharāghān in Qazvin to the late Seljukid Maragheh and then the Nakhchivani manner of Ajami Nashawi.

Japan was the first Asian nation in the nineteenth century which successfully implemented modernization. Therefore, to ensure its economic progress it sought new markets to sell its products. Iran, also with various motivations, to compensate for its backwardness sought to develop its relations with Japan. The present study attempts to study the ups and downs of trade relations between Iran and Japan in the contemporary era. Based on its findings, the study reveals that the First World War and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia boosted the trade between Iran and Japan and Japan became one of the Iran's top ten trade partners and the Japanese products officially entered Iran. Due to official relations, the trade activities between the two nations entered a new phase. Iran needed to be industrialized. Therefore, it hired Japanese experts and specialists to accelerate its progress. The trade balance between the two nations was equal in the beginning years of the Reza Shah era but gradually the Japanese benefitted more and this process continued.

Sultanieh has been one of the places which in Ilkhanid's period came to centrality and till many years after the downfall of Ilkhanids has been influential to its surrounding areas and has been influenced in return as well. One of such nearby areas which grew in light of the centrality and the political and economical importance of Sultanieh was in Dargazin to the west of Sultanieh. The economical and security needs of the capital, and the gaining support of the religious groups and scholars, have been three main factors in paying attention to the surrounding areas.The findings show that the necessity of ensuring the security of the capital and its economical needs, along with the geographical and political location of Dargazin, has played an important role on the interconnection of these two areas and the historical evolution of Dargazin. This study tries to benefit from the historical sources in order to examine the effect of Sultanieh centrality on the situation in Dargazin, and to determine the historical connection between the two cities in the political and social fields, and to explain some changes in this regard. This study is a library and source analysis research and the information is organized and analyzed after being collected.