درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

 Korea€™s youth unemployment problem has continued to worsen since 2004. According to an E24, J64, an analysis of raw data from Statistics Korea€™s Economically Active Population Survey and Supplementary Results of the Economically Active Population Survey on Youths to confirm whether youth unemployment affects all youths, more youths were delaying graduation or taking leaves of absence due to unemployment. In addition, the degree of hardship experienced was found to differ among youths: the younger and less educated tended to suffer more, and women tended to suffer more than men.   Meanwhile, an analysis of whether the youth unemployment problem had a negative impact on the quality of youth jobs showed that, contrary to speculation, during the period between 2004 and 2011 the quality of jobs improved or at least remained the same in almost every respect, including wage levels, percentage of permanent or above-one-year contract positions, and social insurance subscriptions. According to a time-series analysis of the effect of business size on wages performed to investigate the cause of this phenomenon by applying an estimated wage function, during the period from 2004 to 2011, the wage premium according to business size increased among not only youths but all wage workers.   Such a result contradicts the government€™s previous claim that youth unemployment can be solved by creating €œdecent jobs.€ While it is important to create €œdecent jobs,€ what is also important is to bridge the gap in the quality of jobs. In other words, it is necessary to improve the quality of jobs located in the margins of the job ladder in order to solve the youth unemployment issue, and achieving this requires improvement of the competitiveness and working conditions at small and medium-sized enterprises and middle-standing enterprises. JEL Classification: E24, J64

  The paper uses economic and energy data analysis and econometric modeling to study the prospects and challenges of Korea€™s 2003 FTA Roadmap (MOFAT 2013) in the form of potential comprehensive partnerships with its major trade and energy partners. It first reviews Korea€™s international economic and trade relations in recent years with a focus on its major merchandise export destinations and energy imports, and their association with the country€™s economic performance. A causal model of endogenous growth, gravity trade and energy imports for Korea in an economic integration theory framework (Tran 2012 Tran and Limskul 2013) is then developed to investigate the structural effects between these sectors. Empirical findings by system estimation are finally used to provide predictive policy implications for comprehensive partnerships between Korea and major resources-rich countries in the Middle East and potentially Iran.     

As one of the most important components of the financial market, the stock market plays a significant role in facilitating the transfer of financial resources to the productive sector; therefore, identifying the factors that influence this market and the response of this market to shocks that occur has always attracted the interest of policymakers and analysts. The present study focuses on the response of stock market returns of major oil-importing countries to the oil price shock, oil supply shock, and aggregate demand shock over the period 2010-2019 using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) method. Based on the extracted impulse response functions (IRFs), the response of the stock market index to the oil price shock and the oil supply shock is negative, while the response of the stock market index to the aggregate demand shock is generally positive. The results of variance analysis show that the oil price shock, oil supply shock, and aggregate demand shock have the largest impact on the fluctuations of the stock market index, and indicate the selected oil-importing countries have taken measures to hedge their stock market against the oil price shock during the crisis period. JEL Classification: C58, E44, G10, Q43

Livestock and poultry production and supply is one of the significant food sectors in which more production can lead to a decrease in dependence on exports and earning foreign exchange. Poultry farming is a vital industry for sustainable food supply in all countries. In this research, intelligent applications and solutions in the poultry industry are identified and prioritized using the simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA) methodbased on criteria representing the sustainable development. Analysis showed that eighteenprincipalfieldsof intelligent solutions are identified in the poultry industry. The weights obtained for sustainable development criteria based on the SECA method are economic (0.351), social (0.3383), and environmental (0.3065) in order of value. Economic sustainability should be most importantinimplementing smart solutions-based projects in the poultry industry. One of the main challenges of the agricultural sector, especially the poultry industry, is traditional production utilization which leads to the overuse of land capacity. Also, the globalization trends, climate changes, moving from a fossil fuel-based economy to an environment-based economy, competition for land, freshwater, and labor shortage have led to more complications in supplyingnutrition. Considering the potential of smart solutions in realizing sustainable development objectives, it is suggested to focus more on the environmental aspects of poultry industry projects.

The paper focuses on regional trade agreements and economic co-operation and develops a new appropriate approach to study their impact on growth and trade. The approach is based on an endogenous trade-growth theory and novelly specified in an economic integration (expenditure) framework which is the conceptual foundation of regional trade agreements. Importantly, it also appropriately takes into account major add- and sub-factors as recommended by Johansen, the computable general equilibrium pioneer, in practical economic planning and policy modelling. Applications of the approach to China, a key member of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement group, are also reported to provide useful insights for suitable evidence-based impact analysis. The analysis has relevance to such trading blocs as BRICS and the 21-member Indian Ocean Rim Association where Iran is a key member. Policy implications from the findings are then briefly discussed.

This paper focuses on developing models to study influential factors on the inflation rate for a panel of available countries in the World Bank data base during 2008-2012 . For this purpose , Random effect log-linear and Ordinal logistic models are used for the analysis of continuous and categorical inflation rate variables . As the original inflation rate response to variables shows an apparent right skewness , the log transformation in the linear mixed effect model seems necessery . In the ordinal logistic mixed effect model , as a new approach , the inflation rate variable is categorized based on two threshols to increase model predictibality and precision . These two models consider the potential serial correlation between annual infltion rates and categories through introducing some latent random effect parameters . The results of both models show that money growth , GDP , oil price and income levels of the available countries are significant predictors with increasing effect on the next year inflation rate category . Using the categorical inflation response variable yields some superior results where government expenditure , exchange rate and capital formation are also detected as significant determinants of ordinal inflation variable . Also , the random effect variance is highly significant in both models which shows the necessery need for consideration of the potential association of inflation variables across time . JEL Classifications: E17, E27, E31, E37, E47