درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Using a structural VAR with block exogeneity، diagonality and identifying restrictions، this paper analyzes: first، the macroeconomic linkages among the oil price، U.S. output، interest rate، money supply، general price level and exchange rate; and second، the relationships of the macroeconomic variables with the price indices of ten international nonfuel commodity groups. By assuming the block exogeneity of U.S. macroeconomic variables with respect to the international nonfuel commodity prices، the paper discusses how exogenous oil/macroeconomic shocks affect the international commodity prices. It finally explores which oil/macroeconomic shocks are important in explaining the variations in international commodity prices. The results show that the sources of major fluctuations in the international commodities differ greatly by commodity. Soft and hard commodity prices such as those of ‘seafood’، ‘industrial metals’، and ‘gold’ seem to be strongly affected by the financial factor. Moreover، for some commodities، price fluctuations are more affected by the financial factor than by the real factor، supporting the view of “financialization” of commodities. Those commodities include ‘vegetable oils and protein meals’، ‘meat’، ‘seafood’، and ‘industrial metals’. The financial factor is also an important source of fluctuations in the oil prices. Oil price shocks have effects on the volatilities of interest rates، money supply، and general price level instantly، as well as on the exchange rate instead of the general price two years after the shock. Over the whole forecasting horizon، the degree of exchange rate pass-through is low on the general price level but is positive and high on oil and nonfuel international commodity prices.

This paper examines convergence of real GDP per capita in the selected East Asian countries and this relationship with selected Middle East countries during the period 1950-2009. The reason behind this refers to the fact that East Asia countries (including China، Hong Kong، Singapore، Malaysia، Indonesia، Thailand، Japan and South Korea) have been involved in achieving success arising from regional cooperation. On the other hand، the Middle East region has been well-known in producing and exporting oil (Iran، Iraq، Kuwait، Qatar، Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates). However، these countries have had strong relationship whit East Asian countries through trade and investment relations. Overall، the question is whether such strong relationship has led to a reduction in the real per capita gap between the selected countries of the both regions. To find the answer، income departures across countries are evaluated from several panel data unit root tests. We and no evidence supporting the existence of convergence process for the income in the East Asian and Middle East countries. But in each region، convergence within countries can not reject.

Libya experienced a substantial increase in oil revenue as a result of increased oil prices during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and again after 2000. Recent increases in oil production and the price of oil, and their positive and negative macroeconomic impacts upon key macroeconomic variables, are of considerable contemporary importance to an oil dependent economy such as that of Libya. In this paper a dynamic macroeconomic model is developed for Libya to evaluate the effects of additional oil revenue, arising from positive oil production and oil price shocks, upon key macroeconomic variables, including the real exchange rate. It takes into consideration the impact of oil revenue upon the non-oil trade balance, foreign asset stock, physical capital stock, human capital stock, imported capital stock and non-oil production. Model simulation results indicate that additional oil revenue brings about: an increase in government revenue, increased government spending in the domestic economy, increased foreign asset stocks, increased output and wages in the non oil sector. However, increased oil revenue may also produce adverse consequences, particularly upon the non-oil trade balance, arising from a loss of competitiveness of non-oil tradable goods induced by an appreciation of the real exchange rate and increased imports stimulated by increased real income. Model simulation results also suggest that investment stimulating policy measures by government produce the most substantive benefits for the economy.

The excess liquidity of the open economy has become one main factor influencing the monetary markets, financial markets and even the whole macroeconomic. In era of the post-crisis, many countries have implemented the loose monetary policies, especially the quantitative easing policy in the U.S. which worsened the situation of the excess liquidity. Under this background, it will be more meaningful to study the excess liquidity of the open economy and its management for the developing countries’ economic recovery and development, inflation control, economic structural adjustment and optimization and the stability of the social economy. This paper starts by deep study of the related theories of the excess liquidity and the transmission mechanisms and then has an analysis on the current situation and cause of the excess liquidity in the BRICs which is taken as the representative for the developing countries. And then it comes up with the point that the main cause of the excess liquidity in the developing countries is the financial system, including loose monetary policies, financial innovation, petrodollar, East Asia dollar, US dollar hegemony, overcapacity, trade supply, savings supply and the surge of foreign exchange reserves etc. With the help of the Impulse response model from the VAR model, this paper analyzed on the impact of global liquidity surge to America, the euro zone, Japan, China, India, Russia, Brazil etc. and came to a conclusion: 1. The global excess liquidity keeps increasing. And its speed in the developing countries is fast while slow in the developed countries. 2. The spillover effect of the global excess liquidity spreads mainly through GDP and price. And for most countries, the international factor has more influence on the rising price than the domestic factor. Besides, the GDP has also been affected to fast grow which in turn becomes the main driving force of quantity increase of money. 3. The openness and development level of the economy is not the decisive factor in the excess liquidity’s spillover effect. However, the structure of the macroeconomics and the management level discrepancy are the root causes of the influence difference among countries. Last but not least, combining the new situation of the International economy and the current situation in developing countries, this paper raises some suggestions.