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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain coping strategies and pain catastrophizing in patients with pain disorder. The research method was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all women with psychosomatic problems and pain who referred to Manoushan and Behsa counseling centers in Tehran. The sample size included 60 (three groups of 20). The research instruments included the Rosenstile and Keefe (1983) Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Bishop and Pivik (1995) Pain Catastrophe Scale. the emotion-focused experimental group received 12 training sessions and the cognitive-behavioral experimental group received 10 sessions training, but the control group did not receive any intervention during the study.. The results of mixed variance analysis and Benferroni pairwise comparison test showed that both emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have significant impact on the components of pain reinterpretation, pain catastrophizing, behavioral activity and coping efficiency (P <0.05), but they do not have significant effect on the components of return attention, ignoring pain, prayer and hope, and self-talking (P <0.05). The results also showed that both treatments have significant effect on pain catastrophizing (P <0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups (P <0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study show that emotion-focused therapy, like cognitive-behavioral therapy, can be used for patients with pain disorders and improve their cognitive factors.

Objective: Hemodialysis patients suffer many problems including feelings of loneliness, fatigue, and low lifestyle quality. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of online existential consciousness therapy on these patients’ loneliness, fatigue, and lifestyle. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and follow-up design with a control group. The research population was all hemodialysis patients who were referred to the dialysis center of Nikan Hospital in Tehran. Using the convenience sampling method, 30 participants were selected as study samples. Research instruments for collecting data were the Rasel’s Loneliness Questionnaire (1978), the Fieck’s Fatigue Impact Questionnaire (1944), and the Corona Virus Lifestyle Scale (Ali Akbari Dehkordi, et al., 2020). For the experimental group, ten 90-minutes sessions were performed through Sky-room. Results: MANCOVA and ANCOVA showed that existential consciousness training reduced the feeling of loneliness in the sub-components of not having a close friend, lack of loneliness, and isolation, but was not effective in the sub-component of sociability. This intervention also reduced the fatigue in the cognitive and social components but did not affect the physical component. It was also effective on the happy lifestyle but did not affect on the healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: Existential consciousness therapy was effective in reducing the loneliness feeling, fatigue impact, and lifestyle changes of hemodialysis patients during home quarantine. Therefore, this method can be used as a new therapeutic approach to reduce the loneliness and fatigue impact caused by hemodialysis and change patients' lifestyles during quarantine in medical centers and psychological services.

Objective: Addiction is a physical-mental illness that, due to its progressive nature in all aspects of life, endangers the health of the individual, family and society. In order to prevent and resolve this destructive phenomenon, it is necessary to provide and implement comprehensive and appropriate programs in the rural area. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the predictors of substance abuse of rural immigrant. Method: The statistical population included all addicted prisoners who migrated from rural to urban areas. Using cluster sampling method, 360 people were selected as the study sample. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze data. Result:The results showed that only the quality of life component can predict the drug abuse of migrant rural men and women, while the components of access to facilities, rural management performance, and individual participation, as well as marital status, age and education cannot predict their substance abuse (p <0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, since the quality of life is a predictor of substance abuse in migrant villagers, and this problem, in fact, indicates the basic infrastructural problems in preventing the migration of villagers and their substances abuse, related planning and policies in the field of social health are suggested in this regard.

Objective: Alzheimer's is a progressive and debilitating disease of the brain that causes serious damage to human thoughts and memory and is associated with psychological disorders such as insomnia and agitation. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of body-centered meditation on insomnia and agitation in Alzheimer’s patients. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. From the statistical population of patients with Alzheimer's disease in mild to moderate levels referred to clinics and Alzheimer's Association of Tehran province, 20 people were selected randomly based on inclusion criteria and assigned into experimental (n = 10) and control groups (n = 10). The research questionnaires were Morin's insomnia (1993) and Cohen-Mansfield's Agitation (1986). Meditation was administered to the experimental group in eight sessions of 90 minutes. The research data were analyzed using multivariate covariance. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that post-test scores of insomnia and agitation of patients with Alzheimer's in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group (P≤0 / 005). Conclusion: Body-centered meditation can be used to improve insomnia and agitation in Alzheimer's patients. Keywords: Alzheimer's Disease, agitation, insomnia, meditation, psychiatry

Objective: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience negative emotions. Considering the importance of these emotions and their significant impact on mental health of women with HIV, and also considering the gap of information in this regard, this study aimed to assess the effect of compassion-focused therapy on mindfulness and rumination in women with HIV. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test phases, and a control group. Sixty women with HIV were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received nine 90-min sessions of compassion-focused therapy, held once a week. The instruments used included the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). The questionnaires were filled-out by patients in both the experimental and control groups in two stages before and after the intervention. Results: According to the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), compassion-focused therapy significantly increased the mindfulness dimensions (observing, non-judging, non-reactivity to inner experience) in the experimental group, compared with the control group at post-test (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of rumination-reflection.Conclusion: It appears that compassion-focused therapy would be effective in increasing the mindfulness dimensions in women with HIV.

Introduction: One of the basic human needs that plays a vital role in sustainable development is mental health. In the digital age, Internet addiction is a threat to mental health. So this study aimed at validating the treatment entry questionnaire for Tehran University students in 2019. Method: Participants were 324 undergraduate and postgraduate students of state universities in Tehran, who were selected through one-step cluster random sampling. All participants completed the Urbanoski and Wild’s (2012) Treatment Entry Questionnaire, the Miler and Tonigan (1996) Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, and the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire. Results: Data were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data showed that the three-factor structure of the identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation has a good fit, and the validity of the scale was confirmed by face and content validity. Convergent validity evidence confirmed the positive relationship between identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation with subscales of recognition, taking the step, and ambivalence of the Readiness for Change and Treatment Motivation scale. Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the whole scale (0.95) and each subscale of identified motivation (0.94), intrinsic motivation (0.89), and extrinsic motivation (0.86). Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the treatment entry scale for the student population has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research.

Objective: <span class="fontstyle2">This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: <span class="fontstyle2">The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population consisted of all members of the MS Society of Iran located in Tehran in 2019, and the sample consisted of 60 members of the Association who were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (15 people for each group). All four groups were tested by DASS-21 scale, and then the experimental groups underwent mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy in 12 Two-hour sessions for 12 weeks, but the control group did not receive any training. Analysis was performed using SPSS22 in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">The results of analysis showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been effective on reducing stress (f= 110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also it was shown that logo therapy was effective on stress (f= 264.60, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 175, p <0,001), and depression (f= 305.07, p <0,001), and schema therapy was effective on reducing stress (f=110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, the comparison of means showed that in the variables of stress, anxiety, and depression, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective. Conclusions: <span class="fontstyle2">The findings of this study confirmed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: <span class="fontstyle2">Diabetes is a chronic, multifaceted and threatening disease which has significant psychological complications. The purpose of this study was comparing the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Skills Training (DBT-ST) on cognitive emotion regulation in patients with type II diabetes. Method: <span class="fontstyle2">The design of this quasi-experimental research was a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with type II diabetes referred to Baghban (Touba) Medical Clinic in Sari in 2019, among whom 45 patients were selected through the convenience sampling method and then randomly assigned into three groups. The first group received ACT, the second group received DBT-ST, and the third group was considered as a control group. Data were collected using a 36-item Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefsky et al., 2001) in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, and were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">The results showed that ACT and DBT-ST were significantly more effective on cognitive emotion regulation for the experimental groups compared to the control group (effect sizes 0.911 & 0.967, respectively). The effectiveness of DBT-ST compared to ACT was more significant on cognitive emotion regulation scores (effect sizes 0.967) at (P>0.01). Conclusion: <span class="fontstyle2">Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that ACT improved psychological indexes and mental health of patients with type II diabetes due to acceptance of unfavorable emotions and thoughts, commitment, and DBT-ST for emotion regulation and mindfulness components

objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of group therapy in cognitive-behavioral manner on anxiety, stress and despair of Multiple sclerosis patients in Tehran. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test with control group. Twenty patients referred to the available medical centers were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In this study, Kalmogorov-Smirnov, Levene and Covarians tests were evaluated with Spss software. also, Beck Anxiety Inventory Questionnaire, Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Beck's Hopelessness Scale questionnaire were applied to collect data. Results: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group of anxiety, stress and despair with 95% confidence level. Therefore, all three main hypotheses were confirmed and the null hypothesis was rejected. In reducing anxiety, stress, and despair in MS patients, group therapy is effective in a cognitive-behavioral manner. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy reduced stress, anxiety and despair in patients with MS and improved mental health of these patients. Therefore, this treatment method can be considered a treatment in clinics.

Objective: Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, researchers claim that the concept of a behavioral immune system is not the same as pathogen avoidance. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate whether the behavioral immune system is the same as the pathogen avoidance system or has a broader meaning. Method: using Google Scholar database keywords such as disease avoidance, pathogen disgust, the behavioral immune system were searched. PubMed for the behavioral immune system, system over perception disease cues, and disease over perception bias was investigated. All-time periods were used for this review study and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria. Results: The findings show that there are three main mechanisms involved in the behavioral immune system. This system includes the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Therefore the results showed that the behavioral immune system has a broader meaning than the pathogen avoidance system. Conclusion: Research on physiological correlations with emotional experiences shows that disgust is evoked in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system and neural activity. However little is known about the functional connections between anatomical structures, neurochemical processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are the manifestations of the behavioral immune system, and more studies are needed in this area.