درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

L’utilisation efficace des techniques narratives ont abouti à la création des œuvres réussies dans le domaine de la littérature énigmatique. Parmi les grands écrivains de ce domaine, Tahar Ben Jelloun a une place incontestable. Cet article, d’une manière descriptive-analytique, cherche à identifier l’influence de l’utilisation des techniques narratives dans un roman intitulé l’Enfant de sable de cet écrivain afin de déchiffrer le roman en s’appuyant sur des théories de Gérard Genette. À cet égard, après la présentation et l’explication de la théorie narrative de Genette d’après trois niveaux instance, mode et temps, le roman mentionné a été profondément analysé. Il s’est entièrement éloigné de la narration linéaire des faits qu’ils ont été racontés avec la rapidité et l’ellipse ; la majorité des scènes s’illustre en résumé et la fréquence itérative est fréquente. Et en raison de la présence de plusieurs narrateurs, il y a de différents points de vue qui augmentent l’attraction du roman. Tout au long du roman, l’anachronie, la polyphonie, la polymodalité, l’anisochronie, la diachronie et la poly-personnalité, sont apparentes.

L’histoire de la poésie négro-africaine moderne, telle que tracée depuis la Négritude, était fixée sur des clichés idéologiques et esthétiques connus et ressassés depuis longtemps par les auteurs comme par la critique. Les thèmes de la liberté, de la dénonciation du racisme, des spoliations diverses, de la quête d’identité entre autres, rencontraient généralement ce besoin de ressourcement dans les traditions orales négro-africaines. D’une façon ou d’une autre, cette esthétique orale s’est presqu’imposée au fil du temps à ces auteurs, mais aussi aux épigones qui vont leurs succéder. Contre toute attente cependant, il va subsister des styles, des formes de discours et des fonds idéologiques qui semblent s’en démarquer et que nous découvrons de plus en plus comme un courant spécifique traversant certes plusieurs stades historiques, mais qui restent homogènes dans leur construction du fait poétique. L’exemple d’ Au tréfonds de mon âme d’Okaré Kouadio est si typique, qu’il nous permettra d’aborder les liens fondateurs et leurs principes d’écriture qui, visiblement, les démarquent des modèles poétiques connus dans l’environnement poétique négro-africain.

Dans les méthodologies qui précédaient la perspective actionnelle, en particulier l’approche communicative, il n’y avait que quatre compétences : la compréhension orale/écrite et la production orale/écrite. C’est à partir de la perspective actionnelle et plus particulièrement de la rédaction du CECRL en 2001 que la compétence de la production orale se divise en deux parties : celle de la production orale « en interaction » et celle de la production orale « en continu ». Dans cet article notre problématique principale est de savoir comment appliquer les stratégies d’apprentissage métacognitives afin d’améliorer la compétence de la production orale en continu chez les apprenants iraniens. Pour pouvoir appliquer les stratégies métacognitives au moment de la production orale en continu, nous avons enseigné pendant une séquence didactique de deux mois (3 heures par semaine) aux 15 apprenants au niveau A2 les stratégies métacognitives et nous leur avons proposé différentes tâches et activités qui exigeaient chacune la mobilisation des stratégies métacognitives. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l'enseignement et la pratique de stratégies métacognitives peuvent aider à renforcer cette compétence des apprenants du FLE lors de la production orale en continu.

In order to engage students in higher-level thinking, cognitive activation (CA) strategies have been advanced and utilized in mathematics. CA develops when learners are challenged, confronted with conflicts, asked to think and explain clearly on their learning, and realize connections between new and previous content. Extending the theme to English language teaching (ELT), this study investigated Iranian English language teachers’ knowledge and practice of cognitive activation writing strategies (CAWS). In so doing, a model was proposed based on a questionnaire that was developed and validated in the present study. Through this scale, knowledge and practice of CAWS by 213 English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers were explored. During a pilot phase, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be .78 for the knowledge section and .81 for the practice section. Two items in each section were removed after conducting exploratory factor analysis. Ultimately, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the proposed model was fit for the data. Five components were confirmed as constituents of CAWS for the knowledge section, and four components were identified for the practice section. The findings revealed that Iranian EFL teachers were already familiar with the CAWS and purportedly practiced them in their writing classes. Using the scale in the process of writing instruction can provide ELT practitioners with a helpful platform for relating to CA strategies and empowers learners to accomplish tasks such as problem-solving in their writing assignments, similar to what is practiced in mathematics.

Writing effective and persuasive manuscripts for submission to the high-indexed Iranian and international English-medium journals for the purpose of publication deserves having to-the-point knowledge and proficiency, which the Non-Native English writers of the non-English speaking countries seem to be lacking. Therefore, researchers need to identify problems and challenges that the group of writers encounter in the field of English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). Therefore, this study aims to identify the ERPP needs of the Physical Education Ph.D. students and writers. Hence, interviews were conducted with a group of Physical Education content experts and Ph.D. students to identify the writers’ problems and challenges. The interviews were tape recorded as the participants had already been informed of the recordings and research aim. The tape recordings were then transcribed and analyzed in the thematic analysis and the grounded theory methods. The data analysis came up with four major themes (gained in the selective coding stage), 20 sub-themes (gained in the axial coding stage) and 83 themes (gained in the initial/open coding stage). The four major themes were `problem with language,’ `problem with content,’ `problem with journals,’ and `the demotivating factors.’ The fourth major theme, i.e., `the demotivating factors’, consisted of the sub-heading the technological illiteracy problem, which should be regarded as the novelty feature of this paper. The research is useful for material designers and instructors of the English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) and others to offer tailor-made education to the tertiary level Physical Education students.

The main objective of this qualitative-quantitative content analysis study was to compare IELTS Academic and TOEFL iBT four modules in terms of the cognition and knowledge dimensions of Revised Bloom’s taxonomy. To this end, two authentic tests including all major modules of speaking, listening, reading, and writing in each domain, namely iBT TOEFL and IELTS Academic exams were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. These tests were randomly selected from the collection of authentic tests available in trustworthy resources. The contents of these tests were codified using a coding scheme developed by Razmjoo and Kazempourfard (2012). In this coding scheme, English alphabets and numbers were assigned to levels of cognition and knowledge, respectively. The results indicated that in general TOEFL iBT codes are more inclined toward the higher orders of thinking and knowledge and the codes are not noticeably divergent; while, the majority of the codes in the IELTS Academic test are skewed toward the lower codes of the BRT. This shows the higher stance of the TOEFL iBT test concerning the higher orders of thinking and knowledge in the BRT. A significant difference was also found between the TOEFL iBT and IELTS Academic tests concerning the highest and the lowest levels of BRT.

Supervisor’s feedback is both a naysaying and a puzzling concern that has always tormented academics in higher education. Particularly, written feedback on pre-final or final versions of a submitted doctoral dissertation is indisputably the most significant step toward granting a doctoral student supervisee the right to defend his/her research project. It also constitutes a rich source on how students are to academically go about writing their dissertation and even go public as they are supposed to produce one or two articles before their vivas. The present research explores the written comments provided by supervisors on Moroccan doctorate supervisees’ dissertations. It principally focuses on both overall and in-text comments and whether they serve as feed-back to take corrective actions for the errors made, feed-up to focus on strategies to attain the academic goal, or feed-forward to be proactive and avoid disturbances that might affect the quality of the final work. A total of 40 supervisees from the English department at FLLA, Ibn Tofail University belonging to Language and Society Research Laboratory participated in the study. Data were collected using an online questionnaire through available Google forms platform. The results revealed that the total majority of supervisees tended to get a mixture of written remarks with a central focus on the quantity rather than on form. This is therefore a plus as to the agreement as well as the variance of the Moroccan supervisors in the use of these evaluation criteria while evaluating their supervisees’ doctoral dissertations targeting different types of feedback with a huge focus of the cyclicity of their utilization.