ناصر بای

INTRODUCTION: Hazard awareness and first aid training are important elements in increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability of communities to disasters, especially in rural and border areas. The education ambassador vehicle, as a mobile educational system with access to remote areas, provides the opportunity to hold specialized and practical training courses in Golestan province and can play a key role in improving awareness and relief skills of villagers. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative approach, 1554 participants of training courses were surveyed in a three-month period from April to June 2025, of which 134 people responded to the questionnaire as an available sample. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, statistical tests and linear regression, one-sample t-test, independent, and linear regression. FINDINGS: The findings showed that the level of awareness of the participants before the training was significantly lower than the desired level, while after the training, 93.3% reported a possibility of using the learnings and 80.7% reported a positive attitude change. Also, 92.6% were satisfied with the quality of the training content and 91.1% with the practical training. In addition, there was no significant difference between genders in the effectiveness of the training, but a significant relationship was shown between demographic characteristics and satisfaction. CONCLUSION: According to the results, The results showed that the training provided through the Education Ambassador vehicle had a very positive and significant impact on improving the level of awareness and preparedness of villagers, and this innovative approach could be a successful model for other border and deprived areas of the country.

INTRODUCTION: Urban air pollution, especially in densely populated metropolises such as Tehran, has become one of the most serious environmental and health challenges. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), as one of the most important pollutants resulting from human activities, accumulates persistently in the surface layers of the atmosphere, especially in the cold seasons and under temperature inversion conditions. This study conducts an integrated hazard analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of NO₂ in Tehran County over a seven-year period (2018–2024), with a focus on the interplay between anthropogenic and natural factors in shaping this hazard. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study with an integrated approach, daily NO2 concentration data were extracted from Sentinel-5P satellite images (TROPOMI sensor) during the winter seasons from 2018 to 2024 in Tehran. Using spatial extraction tools in the GIS environment, data were processed, seasonal averages were calculated, and raster-to-vector conversion was performed, and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of NO2 were plotted and analyzed. FINDINGS: The findings showed that the distribution pattern of NO2 has undergone significant spatial and temporal changes over the seven years. In 2018 and 2019, the highest concentrations were observed in central Tehran and the northeastern districts. A marked decline occurred in 2020 and 2021, coinciding with mobility restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, from 2022 onward, NO₂ levels began to rise again, with a notable increase in southern and eastern areas by 2024. These shifts reflect a transition in pollution hotspots—from the city center toward peripheral zones—followed by a partial return to a more centralized pattern, indicative of extensive urban expansion and intensified human activities in suburban areas. CONCLUSION: According to the research results, NO₂ pollution in Tehran constitutes a “compound hazard,” resulting from the complex interaction of anthropogenic drivers (e.g., traffic, industry, and urban development) and natural conditions (e.g., temperature inversions and topography). The observed changes in NO₂ spatial patterns mirror transformations in urban morphology, land use, and environmental management policies.

The main purpose of this research was to examine the effect of environmental knowledge on the green purchasing behaviour of equestrian competition spectators, with the mediating role of ethical commitment to the environment. This study was a descriptive correlational investigation, and its statistical population comprised all spectators of the Gonbad-Kavos autumn equestrian competition in 2024. Based on the method proposed by Mueller (2012) for structural equation modelling, the sample size was estimated at 160 spectators. The instruments used to collect data included the Environmental Knowledge Questionnaire by Liang et al. (2016), the Ethical Commitment to Environment Questionnaire by Cui et al. (2024), and the Green Purchasing Behaviour Questionnaire by Kim et al. (2013). The face and content validity of these questionnaires were reviewed and confirmed by five experts in sports management. In a preliminary study, Cronbach's alpha values for the questionnaire variables were 0.77, 0.82, and 0.79, indicating satisfactory reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results showed that environmental knowledge has a positive and significant effect on the ethical commitment to the environment among equestrian competition spectators. Additionally, the effect of environmental knowledge on the green purchasing behaviour of these spectators was also positive and significant. Finally, the findings demonstrated that environmental knowledge positively and significantly influences green purchasing behaviour with the mediating role of ethical commitment. Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing the environmental knowledge of equestrian competition spectators can lead to positive outcomes, such as enhanced ethical commitment to the environment and increased green purchasing behaviour.