شاهین حیدری

The level of satisfaction with an environment differs among individuals, which may be caused by social, psychological and physical factors. One of the environmental factors affecting physical and mental satisfaction, is the thermal condition of space. In recent years, the importance of thermal comfort has been accentuated due to the climate change and global warming, increasing the number of studies performed on this subject around the world. The objective of the present study is to identify the main concepts raised in Iran about outdoor thermal comfort by studying and classifying the studies in this field and then by identifying the characteristics of each distinguished category of studies. Thus, this study reviews 142 papers written in Iran that were published in the period between 1999 and 2017. The papers are first classified into two main categories (including fundamental studies on thermal comfort and practical studies) and three secondary categories that are subsets of the second main category (including macroscale, mesoscale, and microscale studies). Each category is then studied and analyzed in more details according to the regions and climates considered, methodology and research means, effective factors and thermal indices used for evaluation. Accordingly, strengths and weaknesses of previous studies are identified and suggestions for future studies on the microclimate scale have been made. Eventually, the conceptual model of thermal comfort studies is presented in different climatic scales.

Developing a comprehensive document based on the utmost use of renewable energy efficiency in the architecture design is the first step in national level to follow the goals of sustainable architecture and this is not possible without having a deep trend of the climatic compartment. The modeling of comprehensive energy plans in the architecture without having a quantitative approach is incomplete and inefficient in all of these areas without accurate scrutiny Also, one of the main challenges regarding the climatic compartment in architecture is the qualitative approach of designers and researchers of architecture towards this science; which has a basic contradiction with quantitative data of climate science. Hence, through the quantitative potential climatic investigation and integrating it with qualitative components affecting architecture, a suitable approach to architectural design is obtainable. The purpose is to measure and evaluate solar energy in the design of the architecture of buildings in Iran with a climatic approach. The first step in achieving this purpose is to identify and prioritize the relevant factors and criteria for utilizing the solar energy capability in the design of architecture and climate. The variables of this model with the above objective function include 5 main criteria and 15 sub-criteria. In the next step, we define and eliminate non-usable areas and then draw a fuzzy hierarchy structure. After that, the relative weight of criterion is determined using the FAHP technique and based on the views of a group of academic, governmental and industrial experts in the Super Decision analysis software.

In this research multiple-regression analysis with stepwise selection method was employed for investigating the effect of vertical building envelopes solar radiation (Evr) on cooling energy consumption (E cooling) in residential sector. The high capacity of solar energy in semi-arid climate (Shiraz) can provide a part of buildings required energy. Depends on house orientations in two directions of SE and SW and by using statistical data, E cooling in urban residences was analyzed. The autocorrelation in the residuals, checked by Durbin- Watson test, was not existed. By investigating the relations between average Evr and E Cooling in each group, it can be proved that climatic orientated houses can achieve lower E Cooling, owing to SE desirable orientation. The percentage of Evr in SW houses is 28.89 % and in SE it is 15.72 %, so choosing the building orientation is important to reduce energy consumption. Finally, the concluding remarks were indicated.

Considering the determinant role of energy efficiency opportunities in the building sector, proposing guidelines and technical solutions in order to improve the thermal performance of glazing systems is in priority in Iran and other countries. In glazing systems, a substantial amount of radiative heat transfer results from absorption and emission. Applying low-E (low emissivity) coatings on the glazing system is a solution for reducing the radiative heat transfer by radiation in glazing systems, without a noticeable decrease of visible light transmittance. By selecting the proper glazing type, in a hot climate, the amount of solar heat gain can be reduced significantly. Vice versa, in cold climate, the heat loss by long wave radiation of inner surfaces can be reduced. In this paper, first, the thermal and optical characteristics of local clear and Low-E glasses have been measured in BHRC (Road, Housing & Urban Development (National) Research Center) laboratory, by the spectrophotometer and then the thermal performance of single and double glazing units, with and without low-E coating, in different orientations (North, South, East and West) are computed, compared and analyzed for cold (Ardebil) and hot (Bandar-Abbas) climates in Iran. The selection of these two cities is based on maximum heating and cooling degree day values obtained respectively for Ardebil and Bandar-Abbas. The simulation results indicate that using double clear glazing unit with low-E coating reduces the energy consumption significantly in very hot climates, using mostly electrical energy for cooling. In cold climates like Ardebil, double glazing with low-E coating has a minor impact on annual heating load, because of the great amount of thermal radiation, even in the cold season, the high cost of low-e coating and the considerable payback time, compared to the building life cycle.