معصومه احمدی

To date, little research on pragmatic transfer has considered a multilingual situation where there is an interaction among three different languages spoken by one person. Of interest was whether pragmatic transfer of refusals among three languages spoken by the same person occurs from L1 and L2 to L3, L1 to L2 and then to L3 or from L1 and L1 (if there are more than one L1) to L2. This study aimed to investigate the production of refusals in three languages and to specify the impact of linguistic knowledge on pragmatic transfer of refusals. To this end, 161 participants in 5groups filled out a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Data was coded and analyzed according to semantic formula sequences. The data obtained from Kurdish learners of English who were also fluent in Farsi (Trilinguals) were compared with those in other four groups: 1)Native English speakers; 2)Monolingual speakers in Farsi; 3) Monolingual speakers in Kurdish; and 4) Bilingual Farsi learners of English. The results revealed that pragmatic transfer exists in choice and content of semantic formulae. It was also found that the sociocultural norms of English, Farsi, and Kurdish languages differ with respects to the refusal speech act and that individuals’ social power and relative distance play a critical role in performing such a speech act. This research suggests that, in spite of the norm differences existing among these languages, transfer of refusals mostly occurs from Kurdish as L1but not from L2 (Farsi) to L3 (English).

متون مقدس دارای سطوح مختلف معنایی اند بگونه ای که سطح بالایی از خودآگاهی برای درک واقعیت وجودیشان لازم است. از طرفی هایدگر نیز قائل به سطوح مختلفی از وجود است که می توانند خودآگاه و سطح فهم موجود را تحت تأثیر قرار دهند. بنابرین با نظر هایدگر می توان نوعی تحلیل هرمنوتیکی از سطوح معنایی متون مقدس ارائه داد. از طرفی هانری کربن معتقد است که تأویل نوعی روش هرمنوتیک برای فهم معناست. می توان گفت که این نوع فهم با منطق تقابل و تضاد که توسط لوپاسکو تبیین شده در ارتباط است و بواسطه آن می توان توضیح داد که چگونه لایه های معنایی متفاوت و متضاد از یک متن حاصل می آیند و حتی منجر به ظهور معنای پنهان متن می گردند. همچنین بواسطه مفهوم عالم مثال، سطوح شناخت انسان قابل تبیین و بررسی اند: با تکیه بر تصاویر عالم مثال و نمادهای آن به شهودی از وجود و معنا، تأویل، می توان رسید. لذا در این تحقیق ارتباط این مفاهیم وعوالم حضور تبیین و اثبات گردیده اند.

Technology integration has become increasingly significant in educational contexts, offering promising opportunities for the professional development of teachers, including EFL teachers. This study explored the transformative potential of integrating technology in the professional development of pre-service and in-service EFL teachers in schools, institutes, and universities. The research objective was to examine the impact of technology integration on teachers' anxiety levels and pedagogical practices. Forty-six pre- and in-service teachers (n=23 per group) participated in a comprehensive 10-session professional development program. The procedure included pre-testing the participants for anxiety levels, conducting the program (twice a week; from January to February, 2023), and administering post-tests after a one-semester interval (May, 2023) to assess changes in the teachers’ anxiety levels and pedagogical practices. The quantitative and qualitative findings revealed the compelling benefits of technology integration for the pre-service teachers, as they reported lower anxiety levels and a significant boost in confidence when selecting and utilizing appropriate technological tools, designing engaging digital activities, and effectively managing technology-related challenges. Conversely, the in-service teachers experienced no significant reduction in anxiety. Moreover, they reported fewer advantages from technology integration and tended to adhere to traditional teaching methods, predominantly due to the challenges of altering established instructional strategies. The findings underscore the critical role of prioritizing professional development for in-service teachers, considering their pivotal role in shaping the future landscape of education. Dedicated efforts should be aimed at supporting teachers to integrate technology effectively, foster better teaching practices, and facilitate optimal learning outcomes for EFL students.