تحلیل ساختار داستانی جواهرالأسمار به یاریِ چند مفهوم روان کاوی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این مقاله می کوشد پیرنگِ کلانِ جواهرالأسمار را با بهره گیری از رهیافتِ روان کاوانه بررسی کند. یکی از پرسش های بنیادینِ پژوهش های ادبی «چگونگی» شکل یافتنِ آثار شاخص است و می توان به یاریِ دانسته های روان ازجمله خالقِ اثر و همچنین جامعه ای که در آن به وجود آمده، چگونگیِ خلقِ اثر را تحقیق کرد. با مطالعه این مجموعه قصص درمی یابیم که تطبیقِ سازوکارهای اساسیِ روانِ آدمی بر آن می تواند ساختارِ داستانیِ آن را بشناساند و شالوده آن را رؤیت پذیر کند. تحلیل جواهرالأسمار بر پایه این شیوه نشان می دهد که عموماً شروع قصه ها با انگیزشی ازجانب نهاد است؛ گره افکنی قصه با حضور خود صورت می گیرد؛ در پایان نیز گره قصه به تدریج با عیان شدن فراخود باز می شود. اگر بخواهیم برهم کنشِ این سه وجهِ روان را بر قصه اصلیِ کتاب تطبیق دهیم، ماه شکر پس از غیبتِ طولانیِ شوهرش ازطرفی «مایل» به ارتباط با امیرزاده است ( نهاد ) و ازطرفی «مایل» به وفاداری ( فراخود ). او با سرگرم شدن به قصه های هوس انگیزِ طوطی ( خود ) هم «میلِ» هوس جویانه خویش را برآورده می کند هم «میل» به وفاداری اش را. با گسترش یافتنِ این الگو در سرتاسرِ کتاب، هفت گونه پیرنگِ متمایز و در عین حال مشابه ساخته می شود که به ویژه می توان سه درون مایه بنیادین در آنها تشخیص داد: اهمیت فراخود و رانه زندگی، ترس از مرجعیتِ اجتماعی (پادشاه)، استعلای عشقThe Story Structure of Javaherolasmar Using Some Concepts of Psychoanalysis
This study tries to analyze the macro-plot of Javaherolasmar using a psychoanalytical approach. One of the fundamental questions of literary research is "how" masterpieces are formed. It is possible to investigate how the work was created by using what we have learned about the human psyche, including the creator as well as the society in which it was created. By studying this collection of tales, we find out that applying psychological mechanisms to it can identify its structure and make its foundation visible. The analysis of Javaherolasmar based on this method shows that the beginning of its stories is motivated by Id. The knotting of the story takes place with the presence of Ego. In the end, the knot of the story is gradually opened with the revelation of the Superego. If we want to apply the interaction of these three psychological aspects to the basic story of the book, after the long absence of her husband, Mahshekar is on the one hand "willing" to have relations with Amirzade (Id) and on the other hand "willing" for her husband's loyalty (Superego). She satisfies both her lustful "desire" and her "desire" for loyalty by being entertained by the parrot's lustful stories. Along with the expansion of this pattern throughout the book, seven distinct and at the same time, similar plots are made. In particular, three fundamental themes can be recognized in them: the importance of the superego and eros, fear of social authority (the king), and the transcendence of love. Keywords: Javaherolasmar , Tutiname , Plot, Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism, Fruid Introduction One of the basic questions in literary research is "how" masterpieces are formed. It is possible to approach the answer using what we know about the mind, including the creator of the work as well as the society in which it was created. This study tries to analyze the macro-plot of Javaherolasmar using a psychoanalytical approach. Literature is one of the phenomena that originates from the human psyche and mutually affects it. It is possible to know more about literature by knowing the mind and vice versa. This research tries to know the tale structure of Javaherolasmar by following this assumption. Javaherolasmar is a collection of tales of Indian origin, similar to Kelile va Demne . In the main tale of the book, the four main characters are the merchant (Sa'ed) and his wife (Mahshekar), and two talking birds (Parrot and Sharak). The book's tales are narrated by Parrot. Parrot tells those often-lustful stories to her maid, to prevent her from committing sexual misconduct with Amirzade in her husband's absence. The point is that maybe tales with other themes could entertain Mahshekar. But why should 'night Parrot tales' necessarily have such an atmosphere? By studying this collection of tales, we find out that applying the basic mechanisms of the human psyche to it can identify its structure and make its foundation visible. Regarding the necessity and importance of this research, any research that reduces the unknowns of human existence and adds to what he knows about himself is important and valuable. Being a narrator is a part of human existence. Since Naxŝabi 's Tutiname is a re-creation of Javaherolasmar and they have little difference from the point of view of the tale, the storytelling studies of the two often overlap. Those two books have been explored a lot from the storytelling points of view. Jungian psychological theories are widely used in storytelling analysis. Similarly, we have also found general patterns in all the stories of Javaherolasmar , and to explain these patterns, we use concepts such as Id, Ego, Superego, eros, etc., which are derived from Freudian psychology. From this point of view, we did not find a similar view of Javaherolasmar , especially if it wants to know the macro-plot of these two works. Materials and Methods Many scientific studies are trying to know the human being, regardless of immediate use or benefit. The current research is one such 'fundamental' study and tries to analyze and identify one of the human phenomena, that is, the collection of tales of Javaherolasmar/Tutiname with the help of literary and psychological knowledge. This research started with the question: Why did Javaherolasmar find the present form among the possible forms, and why should Mahshekar be entertained with such lustful tales? Our research proceeded with the hypothesis that psychology could be useful in approaching the answer. For this purpose, all the tales of Javaherolasmar were first translated into modern Persian. Then, the hypothesis of the role of the basic parts of the human psyche (Id, Ego, Superego...) in shaping Javaherolasmar was tested in all its tales. With more study (psychology, storytelling, and Javaherolasmar itself), we were able to describe the structure of this book. Therefore, the current research is a fundamental theoretical study, with a descriptive-analytical method, and based on library studies. Research Findings Based on our findings, the analysis of Javaherolasmar shows that tales generally begin with a motivation from the Id. Knot-throwing is done with Ego. In the end, unraveling the tale gradually happens with the revelation of the Superego. The basic tale is a mimesis and a narrative of the conflict between the Id and Superego. The Ego also steps into the field of this book to reconcile these two. The actions and reactions of these three, whose manifestations are Mahshekar and Sharak/Tuti, are spread throughout the work. By tracking and categorizing the similarities and differences of the tales from this point of view, seven types of plots are recognized. Discussion of Results & Conclusion If we want to apply the interaction of these three psychological components to the main tale of the book after the long absence of her husband, Mahshekar is on the one hand "inclined" to have relations with Amirzade (Id) and on the other hand "inclined" to be loyal (Superego) to his husband. She satisfies both her lustful "desire" and her "desire" for loyalty by being entertained by Parrot's lustful tales (Ego). With the expansion of this pattern throughout the book, three fundamental themes can be recognized: the importance of Superego and Eros, fear of social authority (the king), and sublimation of love. In all the seven types of plots that we have identified, the tales begin with the motivation of the Id, just as human beings begin life with the motivation of the Id. The tales of Javaherolasmar are all told using universal patterns. Patterns that show mental commonality between humans. The final point is that in most of the tales of Javaherolasmar , Parrot invites Mahshekar to meet her lover. This invitation of Parrot shows the power of Eros in the literary treatment and shaping of Javaherolasmar . Here, the main theme of the book revolves around harnessing (not suppressing) the libido force. According to the mood of the tale, Parrot sometimes stops Mahshekar (indirectly) from going to Amirzade and sometimes encourages her to do so. As it turns out, the libidinal element (Id) is kept active and not suppressed. Because by suppressing it, there is no more tale left to tell. Sharak (pure Superego) was killed in the very first pages of the book.
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