شگردهای طنزپردازی در منظومه لیلی و مجنون (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
طنز از آغاز شکل گیری ادبیات فارسی تاکنون در آثار ادبی وجود داشته است و از آن به عنوان یک نوع ادبی برای طرح انتقادهای سیاسی و اجتماعی و ابزاری برای تلطیف فضای اثر استفاده شده است. نظامی گنجوی یکی از شاعرانی است که از شگردهای طنزنویسی به شکل نامحسوس در آثار خود استفاده کرده است. طنز در آثار نظامی، در لایه های زبان، پنهان است به طوری که طنز تلخ موجود در ابیات وی به سادگی درک نمی شود. او با استفاده از شگردهای طنزنویسی علاوه بر انتقاد از شرایط اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اخلاقی روزگار، فضای داستان های خود را مفرح کرده است. در منظومه لیلی و مجنون، هدف او از خلق ابیات طنزآمیز، تلطیف جریان غم انگیز داستان و همراه کردن مخاطب با خود است. بلاغت حاکم بر اثر، بستری برای طنزآمیز شدن کلام ایجاد کرده است. تشخیص و تشبیه از پرکاربردترین صنایع ادبی در این منظومه است که منجربه خلق طنز موقعیت شده است. همچنین بازی های زبانی که از مختصات سبک قرن ششم است، در منظومه لیلی و مجنون کاربرد گسترده ای دارد و طنز کلامی ساخته است. استدلال طنزآمیز و پارادوکس، دو شگرد دیگری است که با بسامد بالا در تلطیف فضای تلخ داستان نقش دارند. این پژوهش به روش کتابخانه ای انجام شده و با طبقه بندی، بررسی و تبیین ابیات طنزآمیز، میزان نوآوری نظامی در عرصه طنز و انتقاد بررسی شده است.Humorous Methods in the Poems of Leyli and Majnun
Humor has been a consistent presence in Persian literature since its inception, serving as a literary device for political and social critique, as well as a means to imbue works with a lighter tone. Nezami Ganjavi, a pioneer of satirical writing in the 6 th century, utilized satirical techniques to not only critique the social, cultural, and moral milieu of his era, but also to infuse his narratives with an element of amusement. In his poem "Leyli and Majnun," the incorporation of humorous verses serves to alleviate the somber narrative and engage the audience. The rhetorical framework governing the work has provided a platform for humorous discourse and expression. Utilization of identification and simile as prevalent literary techniques within this framework has given rise to situational humor. Additionally, wordplay, a hallmark of the 6 th -century (Arrani) style, has been extensively employed, contributing to verbal humor. Etiology and paradox, two other devices, have frequently contributed to tempering the story's solemn atmosphere. The humor in Nezami's works has been subtly interwoven within the layers of language, often evading immediate recognition, thus adding a touch of subtle irony to his verses. Keywords : Nezami, Leyli and Majnun, Satire, Situational Satire, Verbal Satire Introduction The flourishing era of satirical writing during the constitutional period has led to a relative neglect of pre-constitutional satire, despite the presence of humorous and critical verses in the works of many pre-constitutional poets. Examination of humorous verses from each period serves as a means to elucidate the political and social landscape of the era under study. While the humorous works of Anvari and Sanaie, prominent poets of the 6 th century, have garnered attention, the satirical facet of Nizami's persona has remained enigmatic, concealed behind his solemn countenance and authoritative demeanor. To date, no comprehensive independent research has been undertaken to explore the presence of humor and criticism within Nezami's Khamseh. Exploration of humor within Nezami's Khamseh holds significance from multiple vantage points. Firstly, it presents an opportunity to unveil a hitherto unrecognized facet of Nezami as a humorist. Secondly, by categorizing and analyzing humor within his literary works, we can establish a fertile ground for sociological critique of the 6 th century. In a broader context, the satires of the 6 th century are regarded as a pivotal juncture in the history of Iranian satire, laying the groundwork for the emergence of satire in subsequent periods. Given the influential role of the military Khamseh in literary history and its function as a model for subsequent eras, an examination of the style of military satire assumes particular significance. Research Questions: 1) What are the satirical techniques employed in "Leyli and Majnun"? 2) Which methods have engendered verbal humor and which have given rise to situational humor? 3) Through which literary techniques has satirical rhetoric been articulated? 4) How has the subversion of military language contributed to the humor within the work? Materials & Methods This study focused on the analysis of satire within the poems of "Leyli and Majnun." Humorous verses have been identified and categorized based on techniques of humor writing. The stylistic elements of the 6 th century (Arranian style) and the idiosyncratic military innovations and abnormalities in Nezami's personal style have contributed to the creation of humor within military works. Through classification, examination, and explication of these instances, the extent of military innovations in the realm of humor and criticism were explored in this research. The research methodology employed was primarily library-based and descriptive in nature. Research Findings The poems of Leyli and Majnun exhibited a variety of humor types, including verbal and situational humor. Language tricks and figures of speech played a significant role in creating a lively and expressive language. Puns, metathesis, derivation, and other verbal techniques contributed to the humorous language in the story, generating verbal humor. Additionally, situational humor and exaggerated imagery, at times bordering on caricature, were employed. Nezami's penchant for vivid imagery resulted in creative and occasionally exaggerated scenes, which were achieved through literary techniques, such as pathetic fallacy and simile. These descriptions infused humor into the narrative, providing a temporary respite from the somber atmosphere of the story. In addition to overt satirical techniques that yielded obvious humor, there were also subtle techniques embedded within the layers of expression, creating indirect humor. Paradox, etiologia, irony, rhetorical irony, and allusion were among these subtle devices. The introduction to the poems of Leyli and Majnun contained numerous sarcastic criticisms, offering valuable insights from philosophical, political, and social satire perspectives. As the story unfolded, the political and social humor became less prominent, giving way to a more light-hearted humor that served to adjust the story's atmosphere. Following the classification and analysis of satirical techniques in Leyli and Majnun, a quantitative report detailing the utilization of these techniques in the poems was presented. Satire method Subset Number Number Percent Figures of word Pun 1 74 19.42 Composition 16 Derivation 13 Numbers and letters 8 Humorous use of words 5 Metathesis 13 Tautoloy 4 Metaphor Obvious metaphor 36 60 15.74 Hidden metaphor 15 Antiphrasis 9 Pathetic fallacy 49 12.86 Simile Simile to animals 16 36 9.44 Simile to objects 9 Plants, flowers, fruits, and edibles 6 Other cases 5 Etiologia 30 7.87 Popularized Popularized words 16 21 5.51 Popularized beliefs 5 Paradox 20 5.24 Hyperbole 19 4.98 Irony 13 3.41 Proverb 12 3.14 Allusion 12 3.14 Allegory 12 3.14 Amphiboly 10 2.62 Meiosis 9 2.36 Rhetoric irony 4 1.04 Total number 381 Discussion of Results & Conclusion Nezami, recognized as a pioneer of satirical writing, employed a more indirect and ironic form of humor in his Khamseh, contributing to the enigmatic nature of his satirical persona throughout history. Nezami's poetry stands out as an innovative departure from traditional norms, particularly evident in the unconventional elements within his military works that provided a fertile ground for the infusion of humor into his verses. The rhetorical framework governing his work also played a pivotal role in rendering his verses humorous. Stylistic features characteristic of the 6 th century, such as figures of speech, prevalent satire, exaggerated self-praise, and verbal confrontations, created an ideal platform for the expression of humor within Nezami's works. While Nezami extensively utilized figures of speech, he refrained from indulging in jests and sarcasm in his discourse, adhering strictly to moral principles. Given the direct correlation between humor and the prevailing political and social conditions, Nezami's works suffused with critical humor subtly reflected the constraints imposed by the ruling authority. The introduction of his works contained a greater abundance of critical verses and political and social satire, whereas the humor interwoven into the narrative served primarily to lighten the story's atmosphere with rare instances of overt criticism. An exploration of the themes of humor within Khamseh proved instrumental in sociological critique of the 6 th century. For instance, Nezami's works targeted the practice of flattering autocratic rulers, shedding light on the prevalence of a culture characterized by flattery and hypocrisy in 6 th century Iran. In the story of Leyli and Majnun, Nezami subtly critiqued this closed society bound by customs.
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