شناسایی و اعتباریابی نشانه های اضطراب در آزمون نقاشی خانواده کودکان 4 تا 6 سال (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی و اعتباریابی نشانه های اضطراب در آزمون نقاشی خانواده کودکان 4 تا 6ساله بود. در این پژوهش از روش های پژوهش تحلیل محتوا و پس رویدادی استفاده شد. جامعه آماری شامل کودکان 4 تا 6ساله مهدکودک های شهر کاشان بود. برای انتخاب نمونه از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای استفاده شد. برای غربال گری کودکان مضطرب درمجموع والدین 128 کودک 4 تا 6ساله آزمون اضطراب پیش دبستانی اسپنس نسخه والد را تکمیل کردند. از بین کودکان مبتلا به اضطراب 39 نفر در گروه مطالعه و از میان کودکان بدون نشانه های اضطرابی 39 نفر در گروه گواه به صورت تصادفی گمارش شدند. در مرحله اول پژوهش، براساس بررسی پیشینه نظری و پژوهشی و نظر متخصصان، درمجموع 34 نشانه اضطراب در نقاشی کودکان در دو مقوله ساختار کلی نقاشی (20 نشانه) و ترسیم آدم (14 نشانه) شناسایی شد. در مرحله دوم از کودکان هر دو گروه آزمایش و گواه آزمون نقاشی خانواده گرفته شد و نقاشی های ترسیم شده با استفاده از چک لیست پژوهشگرساخته ارزیابی علائم اضطراب بررسی شد. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که در نقاشی کودکان از خانواده بین دو گروه مطالعه (کودکان مضطرب) و گواه (کودکان بدون اضطراب) در 16 نشانه در ساختار کلی نقاشی و 13 نشانه در ترسیم آدم تفاوت معنی داری وجود دارد. نتایج این پژوهش بیان می کند که می توان از نقاشی کودکان در کنار سایر روش ها و ابزارهای تشخیصی به عنوان ابزاری برای غربال گری اضطراب کودک استفاده کرد.Identification and validation of anxiety symptoms in the family drawing test of children aged 4 to 6 years
The purpose of this study was to identify and validate anxiety symptoms in the family drawing test of 4–6-year-old children. In this study, content analysis and post-event research method were used. The statistical population included children of 4-6 years old from kindergartens in Kashan city. To select a sample, the cluster sampling method was used. In order to screen children with anxiety, a total of 128 parents completed the parent version of the Spence Preschool Anxiety Test. Thirty-nine children with anxiety were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 39 children without anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to the control group. At the first stage of the research, based on the theoretical review of literature and the opinion of experts, a total of 34 signs of anxiety in children's drawings were grouped in two categories: the general structure of the drawing (20 signs) and the drawing of a person (14 signs). At the second stage, the family drawing test was taken from children of both the experimental and control groups, and the drawn pictures were analyzed using the checklist made by the researcher to assess the symptoms of anxiety. The findings of the study showed that in the family drawings drawn by children, between the experimental group (children with anxiety) and the control group (children without anxiety), there was a difference in meaning in 16 signs in the general structure of the drawing and 13 signs in the drawing of a person. The results of this study show that children's drawings can be used as a tool to screen children's anxiety along with other diagnostic methods and tools.
Introduction
Anxiety disorder is known as one of the common problems in childhood which hinders children's ability to behave normally (Azham & Janon, 2021). Painting as a projection tool can give psychologists information about children’s inner and outer world and their understanding of their families (Goldner et al., 2015). The family drawing test is a tool for measuring cognitive-emotional development, mental health and children's understanding of their family relationships (Biasi et al., 2015). In numerous studies, signs of anxiety in children 's paintings have been discussed. Some signs of anxiety in children's painting include shading, frequent erasing, increasing the size, ignoring details, distorting, simplifying the head and simplifying the body (Handler & Reyher, 2010).
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the signs of anxiety in the drawings of children with anxiety based on the family drawing test and to answer the following questions: (1) according to the existing theoretical and research literature, what signs of anxiety are identified in the drawings of children with anxiety? (2) which signs of anxiety in the family painting test of children with anxiety (experimental group) in comparison with children without anxiety (control group) are valid and can be used as criteria for their screening?
Method
The present research analyzes the signs of anxiety in children's family drawings through content analysis. The statistical population of this research included all children between four to six years in kindergartens in Kashan. Cluster sampling method was used to select the sample and a total of 128 children from five kindergartens in Kashan were included in sample. After completing the Spence Preschool Children's Anxiety Questionnaire in the screening phase, 39 children with anxiety were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 39 children without anxiety were randomly assigned to control group, and the children of both experimental and control groups were asked to draw their families.
In this study, three different tools were used to collect information. Anxiety Questionnaire for Preschool Children Parent Version SCAS which has 28 questions and 5 components evaluates anxiety (Spence et al., 2001). The results of the validity check of this tool have indicated favorable level of validity (Edwards et al., 2010). The reliability of this tool was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The next research tool is the family drawing test FDT was first developed by Doppel (1931) and Wolff (1942); But after that, it was compiled more completely by Hales (1951) ,(as cited in Salehi, Oliyayi , and Bahrami, 2010) .Various studies have been conducted on the reliability and validity of the family drawing test. To make this checklist, while reviewing the articles available inside and outside the country, the opinions of 5 professors in the field of psychology were used. Finally, totally 34 signs of anxiety were identified in children's drawings. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and chi-square test were used to check the significance of the difference for the frequency of anxiety symptoms in the two experimental groups and the control group.
F indings
In the screening stage, using the parents' version of the preschool children's anxiety questionnaire, the average scores of the experimental group were higher than the average scores of the control group in all components of anxiety. All the children in the experimental group were diagnosed with anxiety based on the Spence scale, and the score of the children in the control group was lower than the cut-off point, and as a result, it was at the non-anxiety level.
Table 1.
Observed Frequency, Percentage and Chi-Square Test of Anxiety Symptoms in Family Painting of Two Experimental and Control Groups
Variables
group
observed frequency
Frequency
Chi square
The significance level
shading
Experiment
28
79.71
46.68
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Delete a lot
Experiment
3
7.69
3.12
0.07
Control
0
0
Increase in size
Experiment
13
33.33
15.6
** 0.00
Control
1
56.2
increase pressure
Experiment
31
79.48
51.44
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
delete
Experiment
18
15.46
20.109
** 0.00
Control
2
5.12
Loss of details
Experiment
14
35.89
7.22
** 0.00
Control
5
12.82
to distort
Experiment
3
7.69
3.12
0.07
Control
0
0
Simplification
Experiment
30
76.92
48.75
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
Discontinuity of lines
Experiment
4
10.25
4.21
* 0.04
Control
1
2.56
No drawing
Experiment
0
0
---
----
Control
0
0
Light or bold line
Experiment
30
76.92
48.75
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
small size
Experiment
22
56.41
30.64
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Failure to complete the painting
Experiment
1
2.56
1.1
0.31
Control
0
0
Delete
Experiment
11
28.2
12.8
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
Few elements
Experiment
14
35.89
13.94
** 0.00
Control
2
5.12
Painting at the bottom of the page
Experiment
15
38.46
18.58
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Painting on the edge of the page
Experiment
7
18.42
7.69
0.006
Control
0
0
Self-depreciation
Experiment
28
71.79
43.68
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
Use of color Dark ones
Experiment
16
41.02
20.19
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
Add details
Experiment
34
87.17
11.01
** 0.00
Control
22
56.41
* P < 0.05 ** P < 0.01
According to the data in Table (1), there was a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in terms of the frequency of all the identified signs of anxiety in children's drawings, except for the four signs of erasing a lot, distorting, not drawing, and not completing the drawing.
Table 2.
Frequency of Observation, Frequency Percentage and Chi-Square Test of Anxiety Symptoms in the Drawing of People in Two Experimental and Control Groups
Variables
group
observed frequency
Frequency
Chi square
The significance level
little man
Experiment
24
61.53
34.66
** 0.00
Control
0
0
No trunk and parts
Experiment
9
23.07
10.17
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Small and unstable legs
Experiment
27
69.23
41.29
** 0.00
Control
0
0
The mouth is linear
Experiment
33
84.61
57.2
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Emphasis on the eyes
Experiment
14
89.35
17.06
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Remove the eyes
Experiment
1
2.56
1.01
0.31
Control
0
0
big head
Experiment
20
51.28
26.89
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Inflexible arms
Experiment
19
48.71
16.2
** 0.00
Control
3
7.69
Removal of body parts
Experiment
38
97.43
74.1
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Face shading
Experiment
20
51.28
26.89
** 0.00
Control
0
0
angry face
Experiment
9
23.07
10.17
** 0.00
Control
0
0
Transparency
Experiment
21
53.84
20.1
** 0.00
Control
1
2.56
Removal of body parts
Experiment
36
92.3
66.58
** 0.00
Control
0
0
thin people
Experiment
23
58.97
18.051
** 0.00
Control
5
12.82
** P < 0.01
<br /><br />
In table (2), there was a significant difference between the two study and control groups in terms of the frequency of all the desired signs except for the removal of the eyes.
Discussion
At the first stage of the study, the signs of anxiety in children's drawings were identified by reviewing the theoretical literature and experts' opinions . This list included 34 signs, including two parts of the overall structure of the painting (20signs) and drawing signs in people's paintings (14 signs). At the second stage of the study, the symptoms of anxiety in the family painting test of children with anxiety (experimental group) and children without anxiety (control group) were compared. The results showed that in total there is a significant difference in 16 signs in the general structure of the painting (Table1) and 13 signs in the painting of people (Table 2) between the two experimental group and the control group, and these signs can be used as a criterion for screening. Gray used distressed children in their family paintings. Considering the importance of identifying and screening children with anxiety disorders, it is suggested to pay more attention to these signs in children's family drawings.
Among the limitations of the present study can be the limited size of the research sample and the selection of only kindergarten children of Kashan. Therefore, caution should be observed in generalizing the results. Finally, it is suggested that the validity of the signs of anxiety in the drawing of children's family should be analyzed and investigated in the drawing of other groups of children from different statistical samples, so that the signs can be identified more accurately.
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