زنان در هزارتوی اشتغال: بررسی کیفی راهبردهای زنان در دستیابی به فرصت های شغلی (مورد مطالعه: زنان شاغل شهر مشهد در سال 1398- 1399) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اشتغال زنان، به واسطه زمینه های تاریخی فرهنگی و شرایط ساختاری مختلف، عموما با چالش ها و موانع جدی روبرو بوده است. واکاوی تجارب و شناسایی راهبردهای زنان در به دست آوردن فرصت های شغلی می تواند در روشن ساختن این چالش ها و راه های غلبه بر آنها موثر باشد. روش انجام پژوهش حاضر کیفی و مبتنی بر نظریه زمینه ای بوده است. داده ها از طریق مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته با نوزده تن از زنان شاغل در شهر مشهد به دست آمده است. مطابق با نتایج حاصل، پدیده مرکزی تحت عنوان «کاریابی زنان: موازنه میان هویت یابی، امنیت جویی و استقلال طلبی» صورت بندی شد. این پدیده با مجموعه ای از شرایط زمینه ای از قبیل «گسترش فرصت های شغلی ناپایدار در بازار کار» و «تحول در معیارهای اعتباریابی زنان در جامعه ایرانی»، شرایط علی همچون «چگالی زنان شاغل در شبکه اجتماعی پیرامونی»، «چالش های نقشی- هویتی» و «برخورداری از مهارت ها و مدارک حرفه ای» و همچنین شرایط مداخله ای مانند «تحصیلات»، «تاهل و تجربه اقتصادی مرتبط با آن» و «تجربه زیسته در خانه پدری» احاطه شده بود. اتخاذ راهبردهایی نظیر «پرسه زنی در بازار کار»، «تجربه های کارآفرینانه»، «کاریابی مبتنی بر تجارب پیشین» و «تکیه بر شبکه های اجتماعی پیرامونی»، پیامدهایی از قبیل «اولویت یابی درآمد بر امنیت شغلی»، «استقلال نسبی اقتصادی زنان» و «زنانه شدن تدریجی بازار کار» به دنبال داشته است.Women in the Employment Labyrinth: A Qualitative Study of Women's Strategies for Achieving Job Opportunities (Case of study: working women of Mashhad in 2018-2019)
Introduction Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status. Literature review Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures. Methodology The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage. Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research. Findings T
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