نماد، گستره و کارکردهای آن در سروده های اجتماعی- اعتراضی اسماعیل شاهرودی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اسماعیل شاهرودی از شاعران توانمند و جامعه مدار شعر نو فارسی است که شعرش در بسیاری اوقات رنگ سمبولیسم اجتماعی به خود می گیرد. شاعری انسان گرا که آثارش سرشار از شور و هیجان جامعه و سیاست و مبارزه و عاطفه انسانی است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با هدف بررسی و تحلیل شعر اسماعیل شاهرودی ازنظر حضور کیفیت نمادها و نقش بلاغی و هنری آنها در تعلیق معنا، چندلایگی معنایی و تبیین مسائل و موضوعات اجتماعی و انتقادی به انجام رسیده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد کاربرد تصاویر نمادین در شعر و اندیشه اسماعیل شاهرودی، راهی برای بیان و طرح موضوعات و مضامینی است که نمی توانسته است آنها را به صورت مستقیم و آشکارا بیان کند؛ نیز مسیری برای ورود به طرح مسائل و بیان دردهایی است که جامعه و فضای استبدادی، اجازه نزدیک شدن به آنها را نمی داده است. شاهرودی رویکرد نمادگرایانه را دریچه ای برای نگریستن عمیق و انسانی به مسائل اجتماعی و سیاسی، طرح و تبیین آنها و شورشگری، اعتراض و فریاد علیه ناملایمات و نابسامانی ها می داند. او از همه انواع نماد ازجمله نمادهای ادبی، طبیعی، تاریخی و... بهره برده و آنها را به زیبایی و آگاهانه در خدمت طرح مسائل اجتماعی و سیاسی قرار داده است. همچنین شاهرودی با وجود استفاده از نمادهای مرسوم و متداول در بسیاری اوقات برای بیان اندیشه های انتقادی و اعتراضی خود، به نوآوری در خلق نماد نیز دست یازیده است.Symbols, Scopes, and Functions of Ismail Shahroudi's Social-Protest Poems
Ismail Shahroudi is one of the capable and community-oriented poets of new Persian poetry. His poetry often takes on the color of social symbolism. He is a humanist poet whose works are full of passion and social excitement, politics, struggle, and human emotions. The purpose of this research, was analysis of Ismail Shahroudi's poetry in terms of the qualities of symbols and their rhetorical and artistic roles in suspending meaning, providing semantic multiplicity, and explaining social and critical issues through a descriptive-analytical method. The research results showed that the use of symbolic images in his poetry based on his thoughts was a way to express and propose the topics and themes that he could not represent directly and clearly. It was a way to enter the problems and demonstrate the pains that the atmosphere of the society and authoritarians did not allow to approach. Shahroudi considered the symbolic approach as a window to seriously and humanely look at social and political issues, plan and explain them, and rebel, protest, and shout against adversity and disorder. He used all kinds of symbols like literary, natural, and historical symbols, etc. He also put them beautifully and consciously at the service of social and political issues. Despite the conventional usage of symbols in many cases to express his critical and protesting thoughts, Shahroudi achieved innovation in creating symbols. Introduction Social poetry is regarded as one of the most important and penetrating ways of expressing ideas and a person’s inner desires. By thinking about and tending to soulful social elements, it prepares the ground for its presence in the society By this means, it is guided from selfishness towards the pure source of love and altruism, which provides an escape from the society and the desire for autocracy that destroys one's human personality and falls to the lowest point of existence. Shahroudi considers the symbolic approach as a different point of view to look deeply and humanely at social and political issues, expressing them, and rebel, protest, and shout against adversity and disorder. He has used all kinds of symbols like literary, natural, and historical symbols, etc. Also, he has put them beautifully and consciously at the service of social and political issues. He has expressed his ideas symbolically and used literary allegories in an attempt to make his texts beautiful and polished. The attractiveness of this positive pulse gently and cleverly makes a connection between the meanings and the readers. Symbolism or symbolic language is a method that has long been known among humans as one of the effective ways of conveying messages and communicating. The awareness and recognition of the value and importance of this symbolic language in different ages have caused reflection of symbols in the literary and artistic works in human societies in such a way that it has led to the appearance of a literary school called symbolism in the societies like Europe. Symbols are one of the tools of cognition and the most fundamental way of expression. In contemporary literature and new poetry, poets turn to symbolic poetry for two reasons: political and social conditions of the society and tyranny and severe suffocation ruling its atmosphere. Detailed research method This article was carried out via an analytical-descriptive method and the use of library sources to analyze the aesthetics of symbols in Ismail Shahroudi's poems at the content level and their connections with the social conditions of his time. Discussion and review Symbolism was an artistic movement in reaction to realism and imperialism movements. Poets, musicians, artists, and writers used symbols to express their concepts indirectly. Symbolism means the use of symbols and symbolic concepts. It is a method in poetry that arose in France between 1870 and 1900 in response to extreme realism. The tendency of Nima and his followers toward symbolic language has not been unaffected by their acquaintance with the European School of Symbolism, especially since Nima as the leader of this movement was familiar with French language and literature and its literary schools. This new form of language that Nima created is not unrelated to his knowledge of French language, culture, and literature, especially his familiarity with the methods of romanticism and symbolism appeared in Rimbaud, Verlaine, and Stephen Mallarmé’s poetries. Apparently, Nima gave a new life to Persian poetry. It was a tradition that made it fruitful by knowing about the revolution that had occurred in French poetry. Nima's dealing with symbolic language, which was noticed and imitated by other young poets after him, was the result of the interaction of several things. On the one hand, the poets of this trend felt a sense of commitment towards social-political issues and considered it their mission to deal with the people, their pains, ideals, and wishes and on the other hand, due to the society atmosphere of suffocation and fear, they could not fulfill their social and political commitments and missions and be safe from its consequences and damage at the same time; therefore, they had to resort to an indirect and interpretable language, i.e., a code and sign language, for addressing social and political issues. Apart from this, the poets of this movement were well aware that the direct and raw expressions of social and political issues would empty their poems of the elements of literature and poetry. Therefore, they had to look for a method that not only saved the literary and artistic elements, but also did not make their poems devoid of social and political elements. This method was the same method of using symbolic expressions. The poets described the political events of the 28 th Mordad Coup by using symbols and symbolic language indirectly in their socialist-symbolistic poems. Symbolism in Persian poetry was one of the emerging phenomena that started with Nima Yoshij as the founder and actual representative of this poetic trend. Influenced by French symbolism and literary works, he introduced some distinctive features of European symbolism into his poetry and Persian literature. After him, we can mention some poets, such as Shamlou, Akhawan, Forough Farrokhzad, Siavosh Kasraei, Manouchehr Atashi, Shafii Kadkani, Hoshang Ebtahaj, Ismail Shahroudi, etc., who brought the poetry of social symbolism to its peak in the 30s and 40s. Ismail Shahroudi was one of the first poets, who followed Nima's style and turned to this new poetry. He was a poet whose poems had a social flavor. His social poetry is popular among people all over the world since it is not indifferent to the social and popular events around it and these events played a prominent role in its formation. Unlike political poetry, it focuses on human relations more than what is dedicated to political discourses and ideological propositions. in the poetry of contemporary poets can be examined in different categories. However, this article just analyzed some terms that had symbolic aspects and each of them were classified according to the word concepts. Among these classifications were natural phenomena, human phenomena, colors, numbers, names of characters or human symbols, mythological elements, special symbols, and religious and historical symbols. Conclusion One of the most important approaches of contemporary Persian poetry towards political and social themes is symbolism or social symbolism. By creating images and poetic expressions and using symbolic thinking and language, Ismail Shahroudi was able to find a privileged place among contemporary poets, especially those of the 30s and 40s. By looking at the events surrounding his life and the political and social atmosphere of the time and based on his commitment and sense of social responsibility, Shahroudi described and explained the incidents of the society indirectly through symbolism and symbolic language. He had a vital influence on the social trends of the future. From the coup of 1954 to the revolution of 1979, it influenced on the minds and the society. The source of most of Shahroudi's symbols was nature and its diverse landscapes, i.e., forests, mountains, seas, rivers, etc. In addition to nature, it dealt with human phenomena and everything made by human hands, such as houses, walls, objects, etc. These symbolic terms had a high frequency in his poetry; therefore, symbols of natural phenomena and human phenomena could be seen abundantly in his poems. Additionally, he sometimes used mythological elements, names of characters, and human symbols, etc., to express certain concepts as symbols. Sometimes these symbols had an innovative aspect, such as Yankee and Jumna, etc., which were symbols of various social issues. Relying on the concept of the symbols, the poet showed the darkness and blackness of his times, the suffocating situation, the feeling of deep despair, and hopelessness towards the social situation in all the symbolic terms of his poems. Unlike other poets of Shahroudi's age, whose poems were filled with despair and hopelessness, the existence of the symbols of brightness, such as windows and lights, was a sign of hope for a bright future in his poetry. Therefore, by examining the symbols of Shahroudi's poetry, we could gain more knowledge about the social situation of his day.
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